MAF202 Money and Capital Markets Assignment T1 2012 Essay

MAF202 Money and Capital Markets Assignment T1 2012 - Essay Example Subsequently, there has been enlarging of spread between money rate and the loan fees set by the significant banks. Banks have contended to such peculiarity by referencing that the increasing expenses of assets have driven them to take such choices. Since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), banks have depended more on obligation subsidizing which are costly wellsprings of store than value and others. On the off chance that we take a gander at the ongoing worldwide monetary situation, it tends to be discovered that the euro-zone emergency circumstance is as yet uncertain, and financial development rate is required to log jam in 2012. There have been no rate cuts by the national bank of UK since 2009. In India as of late there have been rate cuts by Reserve Bank of India and banks have begun reacting to it decidedly. National bank of China follows a firmly directed financial approach and is relied upon to have rate cuts in 2012. Save Bank of Australia (RBA) is the national bank of Australia built up in the year 2006. Its chief undertaking is to control and direct the financial approach of Australia (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012a). RBA utilizes money rate as an apparatus to control the weight of swelling in Australia. RBA focuses to keep the swelling rate in and around 2% to 3%. This alludes to the fiscal approach followed by RBA. RBA’s fiscal strategy additionally incorporates controling joblessness rate and guaranteeing a stable financial development of the nation as its different targets. At the point when the swelling rate goes past the objective of RBA, the money rate is improved. In any case RBA attempts to decrease the money rate when it feels that expansion isn't representing an incredible danger and Australia can have a quicker monetary development. RBA controls the fiscal approach of Australia by setting up the loaning rates on credits accessible in the currency advertise on a short-term premise. These paces of intrigue set by RBA have an impact on the remainder of the loan fees in Australian economy. Accordingly it affects how the

Food and Beverage in Indonesia Free Essays

Exporter Guide FOOD AND BEVERAGE IN INDONESIA Market Profile February 2012 This record is one of a progression of free data devices for exporters created by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise gives a wide scope of standard administrations and complex arrangements that help organizations through each phase of the fare procedure. For data or exhortation, telephone New Zealand Trade and Enterprise on 0800 555 888, visit www. We will compose a custom exposition test on Food and Beverage in Indonesia or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now nzte. govt. nz, or contact your New Zealand Trade and Enterprise customer administrator. Substance 1 MARKET STRUCTURE 1. Market Overview 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2 Market Drivers Market Potential Import Trends Key Players in the Market Regulatory Sustainability 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies 2. 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Points of Differentiation Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Distribution Channels Pricing 3 MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS 2/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1 MARKET STRUCTURE Indonesia is the world’s fourth most crowded nation with a populace of 232. million out of 2010, and the biggest economy in Southeast Asia. In 2011, New Zealand’s food and refreshment sends out totalled US$468. 3 million, making Indonesia New Zealand’s eleventh biggest fare goal. I In November 2011, Indonesia gave formal warning of the fulfillment of its inward approval strategies to empow er the ASEAN †Australia †New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). From 10 January 2012, AANZFTA will open up significant open doors for New Zealand organizations. The understanding will permit obligation/tax free access to more than 90 percent of New Zealand products and enterprises by 2015. I 1. 1 Market Overview In 2010 and 2011, dairy and meat items contained more than 76 percent of New Zealand’s food and refreshment fares to Indonesia (2010: US$363 million; 2011: US$381 million). In 2010, Indonesia’s dairy and meat showcase merited an expected US$2 billion. Most of the populace in Indonesia, roughly 85 percent, are Muslim and all butchered food and meat (barring pork) must have halal accreditation. iii 3/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 1. Market by item classification Packaged food In 2010, Indonesia’s bundled food advertise was esteemed at US$19. 1 billion. The offer of motivation and guilty pleasure items (I. e. chocolates) became because of expanding luxuriousness. Nourishment and staples (I. e. rice) developed by 31 percent in 2010. Canned/safeguarded food had a high development pace of 20 percent in 2010. Indonesia: Sales of Packaged Food by Category: Value 2005-2010 out of million USD 2007 Packaged Food †Total Nutrition/staples (I. e. rice) Dried Processed Food (I. e. dessert blends, moment soup) Impulse and Indulgence Products (I. e. hocolate covered bread rolls) Bakery Dairy Noodles Baby Food Confectionery Meal Solutions (I. e. tomato glues) Sweet and Savory Snacks Oils and Fats Sauces, Dressings and Condiments Frozen Processed Food Ice Cream Canned/Preserved Food Chilled Processed Food Spreads Meal Replacement (I. e. breakfast bars) Pasta Ready Meals (I. e. moment pasta) Snack Bars Soup 13,110 7,876 4,089 4,148 2,111 1,484 1,340 1,257 1,287 1,086 779 759 477 263 245 200 63 62 13 11 4 0. 9 3 2008 14,307 8,798 4,642 4,318 2,201 1,540 1,487 1,398 1,329 1,190 812 909 499 306 269 230 68 65 15 12 4 3 2009 14,817 ,167 4,909 4,404 2,238 1,596 1,526 1,496 1,360 1,244 832 845 510 327 278 251 68 66 16 13 4 3 2010 19,100 11,959 6,515 5,506 2,781 2,026 1,999 1,967 1,704 1,634 1,054 1,039 653 439 356 346 86 82 21 17 5 4 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD cash; [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4) 4/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Fresh food In 2010, the new food showcase in Indonesia had a complete volume of 48. 1 million tons, making Indonesia the fifth biggest new food advertise on the planet. During the period 20052010, request of new food expanded by 13 percent. v Indonesia: Fresh food showcase in Indonesia in million tons Starchy Roots Fruits Vegetables Fish and Seafood Meat Sugar and Sweeteners Eggs Nuts Pulses 2007 14,985 10,386 9,095 5,016 1,969 1,778 743 671 222 2008 15,148 10,786 9,356 5,153 2,024 1,825 761 700 224 2009 15,309 11,147 9,613 5,291 2,078 1,872 777 730 227 2010 15,455 11,489 9,868 5,432 2,138 1,914 794 762 230 2011f 15,582 11,787 10,119 5,592 2,188 1,952 808 798 234 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: 2011 gauges) Wineiv In 2011, the Indonesian wine advertise was worth around US$32 million (RP 275. 4 billion) and retail deals totalled 3. million liters. Wine represented just 3 percent of all out liquor deals. Lager is impressively progressively mainstream as a mixed drink. During the period 2008-2010, wine volume deals declined by 6 percent. While costs expanded, the interest from Indonesian customers with high dispensable salaries and ostracizes remained and the quantity of wine devotees in Indonesia developed. The development was affected by western culture and wine occasions, for example, wine sampling, wine suppers and classes. The wine showcase demonstrated an expansion in deals by estimation of 61 percent during the period 2008-2010. Indonesia: Wine Sales Off-exchange Value million USD Off-exchange Volume million liters 2006 12. 0 3. 3 2007 14. 0 3. 4 2008 15. 0 3. 4 2009 16. 0 3. 3 2010 28. 0 3. 2 2011 32. 0 3. 1 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD cash; [2006] 9159. 3, [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4, [2011] 8696. 1) 1. 1. 2 Market by circulation direct Mass basic food item retail In 2011, customary retailers, involving little free stores and outside business sectors, represented an expected 77 percent of the all out retail deals. vii 5/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 In the sorted out retail area, Hypermarkets had the biggest piece of the overall industry in 2010, with US$13. 6 billion in deals, trailed by grocery stores (US$11 billion) and comfort stores/scaled down business sectors (US$5 billion). During the period 2005-2010, general store deals expanded by 112 percent, trailed by hypermarkets (109 percent) and comfort stores/smaller than usual markets (105 percent). Mass Grocery Retail Sector †Estimated Number of Outlets 2005 Total Convenience Stores/Mini-Markets Supermarkets Hypermarkets Source: Business Monitor International 2006 7,154 3,337 3,173 644 2007 8,530 3,953 3,830 747 2008 9,429 4,334 4,297 798 009 10,572 4,871 4,801 900 2010 11,524 5,299 5,252 973 5,912 2,758 2,652 502 1. 2 Market Drivers coming up next are seen as key drivers for the food and drink advertise in Indonesia: ? The food and drink advertise in Indonesia developed in 2010, recouping from the overall downturn. Buying intensity of center and upper salary shoppers re stored with an expansion of discretionary cashflow. Political and financial conditions balanced out and the quantity of present day retail outlets and food administration retailers developed. vi Consumers are grasping the wellbeing cognizant pattern seen all through the world, because of introduction to wellbeing training through the media. I To fulfill the expanding need of instructed and wellbeing cognizant customers, the Indonesian government has taken on activities, for example, the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate venture. Through this US$5 billion undertaking, the administration hopes to deliver just about 2 million tons of rice, 2 million tons of corn, 2. 5 million tons of sugar, 937,000 tons of palm oil,167,000 huge amounts of soy beans and munching land for 64,000 cows. vii In April 2010, tax assessment on wine expanded essentially bringing about an expansion in wine costs. Roughly 45 percent of the cost paid by buyers is charge, including deals charge (VAT), extract and import charge. v While conventional markets despite everything represent most of retail deals, they face more prominent weight on piece of the overall industry as present day retail turns out to be increasingly mainstream. While the administration attempted to dishearten the fast spread of present day retail, it wasn’t effective in upholding its authoritative guidelines and current retailers expanded in numbers by utilizing counterfeit allows sometimes. iii ? ? ? ? 6/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 3 Market Potential The general food utilization is estimate to develop by a compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 9. 1 percent to 2015. vii Modern retail, for example, hypermarkets are anticipated to increment in numbers as urban focuses extend and request increments for comfort and included worth items (I. e. rice and noodle prepared suppers). Nonetheless, most purchasers in Indonesia remain value delicate and private name will be a well known option as it is seen as acceptable worth as opposed to modest. vii The offer of mixed refreshments is required to decrease with a CAGR of 2. 3 percent during 2010-2015. In any case, wine is conjecture to develop with a CAGR of 1. percent during 20102015 as wine is seen to be a more advantageous alternative than other mixed drinks, for example, lager. v Indonesia has a huge youth populace of around 40. 9 million, matured somewhere in the range of 15 and 24. This age bunch will in general be more westernized contrasted with the more established populace and i s anticipated to drive interest for mass market items, for example, confectionary products. vii There are open doors for items focused to improve the state of explicit medical issues. These items incorporate calcium braced milk to forestall osteoporosis, dairy milk for nursing moms, child food and items for weight and cholesterol decrease. I 1. 4 Import Trendsvii In 2010, Indonesia imported an expected US$8. 1 billion, a development of 25 percent from 2009. Indonesia is generally versatile to worldwide exchange unpredictability yet dependent on dairy and poultry imports to satisfy need. Indonesia: Food and Beverage Tra

5 Books To Watch For In March

5 Books To Watch For In March I always get a little envious when someone like Liberty writes the books to watch for posts at the beginning of the month. She knows the books shes highlighting and can talk about what they were all about because shes read them. I cant talk to personal reading experiences on any of the titles Im highlighting, in part because, well, I havent read any of them. But these are titles either on my radar to read as soon as I can or theyre titles Ive seen some great buzz about from other Rioters whove picked them up. Thats all to say that descriptions of the books will be from Goodreads  and not from my own take on the book. Theres something for every kind of reader in this round-up, with titles ranging from adult fiction to middle grade fiction and even some nonfiction. Get ready to get your read on this month! This ones a title that Ive seen many Rioters talking about for months in advance. Exit West by Mohsin Hamid In a country teetering on the brink of civil war, two young people meetâ€"sensual, fiercely independent Nadia and gentle, restrained Saeed. They embark on a furtive love affair and are soon cloistered in a premature intimacy by the unrest roiling their city. When it explodes, turning familiar streets into a patchwork of checkpoints and bomb blasts, they begin to hear whispers about doorsâ€"doors that can whisk people far away, if perilously and for a price. As the violence escalates, Nadia and Saeed decide that they no longer have a choice. Leaving their homeland and their old lives behind, they find a door and step through. This middle grade steampunk title is Riazis debut novel, and its an #OwnVoices Muslim story from the brand new Salaam Reads imprint. The Gauntlet by Karuna Riazi When twelve-year-old Farah and her two best friends get sucked into a mechanical board game called The Gauntlet of Blood and Sandâ€"a puzzle game akin to a large Rubik’s cubeâ€"they know it’s up to them to defeat the game’s diabolical architect in order to save themselves and those who are trapped inside, including her baby brother Ahmed. But first they have to figure out how. Under the tutelage of a lizard guide named Henrietta Peel and an aeronaut Vijay, the Farah and her friends battle camel spiders, red scorpions, grease monkeys, and sand cats as they prepare to face off with the maniacal Lord Amari, the man behind the machine. Can they defeat Amari at his own game…or will they, like the children who came before them, become cogs in the machine? Because when Rebecca Solnit has a new collection coming out, its one to be ready for. Feminist essays during a time of turbulence. The Mother of All Questions by Rebecca Solnit In a timely follow-up to her national bestseller Men Explain Things to Me, Rebecca Solnit offers indispensable commentary on women who refuse to be silenced, misogynistic violence, the fragile masculinity of the literary canon, the gender binary, the recent history of rape jokes, and much more. In characteristic style, Solnit mixes humor, keen analysis, and powerful insight in these essays. Laini Taylor has a new book, the first in a duology, hitting shelves this month. This one will be for those who love magic and fantasy and some of the most delicious prose in the YA world. Strange The Dreamer by Laini Taylor The dream chooses the dreamer, not the other way aroundâ€" and Lazlo Strange, war orphan and junior librarian, has always feared that his dream chose poorly. Since he was five years old hes been obsessed with the mythic lost city of Weep, but it would take someone bolder than he to cross half the world in search of it. Then a stunning opportunity presents itself, in the person of a hero called the Godslayer and a band of legendary warriors, and he has to seize his chance to lose his dream forever. What happened in Weep two hundred years ago to cut it off from the rest of the world? What exactly did the Godslayer slay that went by the name of god? And what is the mysterious problem he now seeks help in solving? The answers await in Weep, but so do more mysteriesâ€"including the blue-skinned goddess who appears in Lazlos dreams. How did he dream her before he knew she existed? and if all the gods are dead, why does she seem so real? And finally, a book I cannot wait to read and have been hearing rave reviews about for months. The Wanderers by Meg Howrey In four years Prime Space will put the first humans on Mars. Helen Kane, Yoshi Tanaka, and Sergei Kuznetsov must prove they’re the crew for the job by spending seventeen months in the most realistic simulation every created. Retired from NASA, Helen had not trained for irrelevance. It is nobody’s fault that the best of her exists in space, but her daughter can’t help placing blame. The MarsNOW mission is Helen’s last chance to return to the only place she’s ever truly felt at home. For Yoshi, it’s an opportunity to prove himself worthy of the wife he has loved absolutely, if not quite rightly. Sergei is willing to spend seventeen months in a tin can if it means travelling to Mars. He will at least be tested past the point of exhaustion, and this is the example he will set for his sons. As the days turn into months the line between what is real and unreal becomes blurred, and the astronauts learn that the complications of inner space are no less fraught than those of outer space. The Wanderers gets at the desire behind all exploration: the longing for discovery and the great search to understand the human heart.

Ukrainian Politics Don t Do Nothing Help Ukraine Out Of...

I believe that Ukrainian politics don’t do anything to help Ukraine get out of problems than are now in Ukraine. As for U.S they try to help, but it is enough. Politics were always a big problem in Ukraine. Many politicians were coming and leaving because they could do good work. It is hard to be a politician when the country is at a war, but every politician must first thing about the country and people, and after all about themselves. Also, Ukrainian people were always fighting for their freedom. Ukraine had many revolutions and hard times when people were dying. Now in Ukraine there are hard times and Ukrainian politics don’t do anything to get them better. Two years ago Ukraine had a huge revolution that changed the country†¦show more content†¦After old government stopped working, and a new came, the war stared. Me and my family decided to move to America, I didn’t want leave Ukraine, because I had a good life in Ukraine. This war changed many peop le’s lives and my also. I was voting for a new government, and I thought that they would be better them old ones, but they were the same. Ukraine is a big country with a big history. My people knew what it is like to fight for freedom and land. Ukrainian politics, never valued people. They just think about themselves, and about their money, houses, and cars. People suffered a lot to live peaceful life, but it wasn’t than easy. The war destroys not only people’s life, but it also destroys the country. The country is going down. Ukraine had problems with money, the economy is low. Ukrainian government tries to get money from other countries, but how will Ukraine give back the money. Ukraine is in bad condition, and Ukrainian politics don’t do anything to help Ukraine. One famous Ukrainian singer wrote a song about Ukraine. He said in his song â€Å"Exposed, burned, indifference cut down field Among darkness and hunger, people dying for the sake of the black gold† U.S was always a supportive friend. America helps Ukraine as much as it can. Americans didn’t know a lot about Ukraine before the war, but now they know. Now Americans know that Russians are bad. Obama tries to help Ukraine with different thinks. The statistics of my research are based on the results of

The Giant Panda Paradigm Essay - 1363 Words

The Giant Panda Paradigm The Giant Panda is a creature of mystery. Adults and children alike appreciate it for its cute, fuzzy, lovable qualities, but it is an animal that is in desperate need of immediate attention. Scientists know the basics: how and what they eat, where and how they live, and how they reproduce. The fact remains, however, that this universally loved national symbol of China is facing the threat of extinction. What accounts for this fact and what can be or is being done to protect the panda from such a fate? This paper will discuss the characteristics and lifestyle of the panda as well as issues and questions that arise as a result of the threat of their extinction. Pandas have made their homes in China for†¦show more content†¦Pandas have inefficient digestive systems, and must therefore spend more than ten hours a day eating the amount of food needed for necessary nutrients ((1)). While their dental structures have adapted to the bamboo diet their digestive systems remain closer to those of carnivores ((6)). This results in a low percentage of food digestion in comparison to the amount that it actually ingests ((6)). The Giant Panda is currently threatened in a number of ways. The first threats are to their food sources. The Bamboo Rat is a minor, but existent problem that feeds on bamboo roots, killing plants on an individual level ((6)). Bamboo also undergoes phases of growing and then dying as part of the renewal cycle ((7)). This process is not a problem in itself, except for the fact that whereas the pandas might move to a different location to feed, they are running out of places to move because of the expansions of farmland and increased forest clearing ((7)). The greatest threat of all to the Giant Panda is man. The abovementioned land clearing for farms, residential and commercial areas coupled with prowling poachers are the two most serious threats to the panda and its habitat ((3)). Efforts to set up reserves for the pandas have sparked conflicts with locals. When a reserve is established, people are often not compensated for the loss of land that they have used for years, and they are tempted to continue to use the land illegally ((3)).Show MoreRelatedSpace Exploration: A Waste of Tax Revenues Essay2138 Words   |  9 PagesThese advancements are not just specific to human beings but are also helpful to animals like the Space pumps developed by by Brunel Institute of Bioengineering in the UK has helped in improving the lives of giant female pandas. The pump worked perfectly, and helped in making the lives of pandas better. For the society as a whole space exploration has resulted in advancements regarding Human waste management. This will help us in managing the waste and sewerage and will improve the lives of all theRead MoreThe Effects of Overpopulation Consumption Essay3165 Words   |  13 Pagespopulation. Soon animals face starvation due to lack of food and shelter. The animal population is left to die off one by one making them an endangered or in severe cases extinct species (Economic Times). According the animalfactguide.com, the Giant Panda has lost more than half of its population since the 1950’s, and its population is now at 1600 worldwide. This is an example of how human population has affected other species of animals. The expansion of roads and housing for the human populationRead MoreProcurement in Oil and Gas Industry in Developing Countries Nigeria Agip12200 Words   |  49 Pagesdownstream portions of the chain, even though procurement as a vital purpose has to happen before processing plant stage in order to make available the contributions for it (Stabell, 2001; Jasuja, Sowmya, Chaudhary, Hussain et al., 2006; Kanade amp; Panda, 2009). 2.2 Procurement process In modest terms procurement means the acquisition of goods or services. (A Dictionary of Economics, 2002) As communal innovativeness, associations should not be unfamiliar person to the thought of trading in goodsRead MoreProject Report on Security Analysis15431 Words   |  62 Pages MBA SESSION: 2010-12 Project Guide:- Submitted By:- Mr. SUNIL PANDEY GAGAN DEEP VERMA Regional Head of Roll No. 105042249858 Karvy Stock Broking Ltd. Lect. HOD OF Management Department of RIMT Mr. S.N. PANDA STUDENT’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Project Report conducted at SECURITY ANALYSIS Under the guidance of Mr. SUNIL PANDEY Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIONRead MoreDisney: Losing Magic in the Middle Kingdom16116 Words   |  65 Pagesâ€Å"Hong Kong Disneyland Opens with Wealth of Challenges—Mouse Meets Mao†, Hollywood Reporter, http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001051279 (accessed 11 June 2008). 22 Under the â€Å"one country, two systems† paradigm, Hong Kong became a â€Å"Special Administrative Region† of China, with the city having its own set of laws and judiciary system. 16 4 Disney: Losing Magic in use Kingdom foreign and new things. A lot of American products previously launched

The Impact of Railroads in America Free Essays

Nineteenth century America was a time of rapid growth and expansion. The movement of settlers further and further west accompanied by technological advances led to the major growth of cities and industries across the American frontier. However, it was the major innovations of transportation that had the most significant impact on the expansion of Midwestern and western America. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Railroads in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now The construction of canals and roads led to the increase in the use of stagecoaches, steamboats, and ultimately railroads. Railroads became extremely popular in America in the 1800’s. The railroad industry itself began to boom; it was supported by its reputation for speed and efficiency. But, along with the booming industry of railroads came the strong debate that plagued Congress for years: should railroads be constructed as the major source of transportation over roads and canals? Although roads had become increasingly popular, the railroad industry was also viewed as being monopolistic, undemocratic, and unsafe. Despite the fact that railroads were sometimes monopolistic and undemocratic in that respect, railroads proved to be most vital in the expansion of the Midwest and western America. It was the use of railroads over all other methods of transportation that aided in communication, the transportation of goods, and ultimately decreased the costs of transportation, all of which contributed to the expansion of the American frontier. Before the rise of railroads, stagecoaches and steamboats dominated the transportation industry. Stagecoaches were an effective means of transportation, but in the early 1800’s they were accompanied by Robert Fulton’s invention–the steamboat. The steamboat was a â€Å"combined river and overland transport system† that proved to be effective in transporting goods and people. These locomotives were able to travel the rivers from the north and provide military posts and plantations with goods in the south while transporting passengers and immigrants. Prior to railroads, steamboats were the major and often only form of transporting settlers and maintaining communication between certain areas. Yet, the rise of railroads led to the inevitable fall of the steamboats, and the railroads took over as the major method of transportation. Although stagecoaches and steamboats were effective means of transportation, they were soon surpassed by railroads as the preferred method of travel. Railroads began blanketing America in the 1820’s and by the 1860’s over 30,626 miles where covered by the railroads. This rapid growth of railways was due to the fact that railroads offered better economy, speed, and reliability than other methods of transportation at that time. First, a cheaper alternative to traveling by stage or steamboat was to use the railways. Railroad companies offered low-fare excursion rates that made it more economical to travel. Overall, the cost of transportation was reduced by $150 million by 1859 due to the economic advantages of traveling by rail. Another advantage the railroads had over stages and steamboats was its high rate of speed. Railroads were two times as fast as stagecoaches and four times as fast as steamboats (Shi, 499). Also, the railroads were much more reliable than the roads or canals. Railroads had the ability to travel all year long with few limitations, while both stagecoaches and steamboats had difficulty traveling during the winter months, â€Å"at no time†¦ was stagecoach travel more trying and difficult than during cold, winter months† (Winther, 72). With that in mind, steamboats could not function or operate when the canals were frozen over. These difficulties were all contributing factors in the expansion of the railroad industry. With railroads quickly becoming the preferred method of travel, the demand began to rise and railroads were being built in high numbers in order to accommodate the increasing demand. The more railroads that were available meant more and more industries could use them to transport goods. There was better communication between the east and west, and people could also use the railroads to travel throughout the states. And it was there that railroads began to have a significant impact on the development and expansion of American society. At the peak of expansion in the 1800’s, communication between the east and west was at the forefront of importance. A document from the State of Pennsylvania regarding railways in 1825 remarked that there is extreme â€Å"importance and necessity of effecting a communication between the eastern and western divisions of the commonwealth† (Wade, 5). The appearance of the railroads in the early 19th century decreased and nearly diminished the communication gap as it provided a reliable and speedy method of communication. As the railroads became more prominent across the United States, the western states naturally became linked to the Midwestern and eastern states through the Union Pacific Railroad. This railroad running from the east coast to the west coast opened up new doors in trans-continental communication. Businesses between the east and the west were able to communicate more effectively, and thus, trans-continental trade became more defined throughout the United States. The mail services began using railroads as well, which was a large factor in improving communication across the US. Trans-continental communication was broadened simply by the increased number of people traveling across the country. And, even when the railroads seemed an impractical method of transportation, â€Å"they might make possible long lines of communication otherwise impracticable† (Haney, 183). So, railroads played an important role in broadening communication between the east and the west. Another factor that was directly benefited from the widespread use of railroads was the transportation of goods between the states. Before the rise of railroads, interstate trade was limited. Most goods were transported by way of boat, which was a slow, expensive transportation method limited to the water, or by wagons. Also, the types of goods that were transported were limited as well. Perishable items, which were potential victims to bacteria and spoilage, could not be preserved on boats, and therefore could not be traded throughout the states. These were inefficient methods of the transportation of goods. On the other hand, railroads allowed for better inter-continental trade. The rail cars themselves could carry heavier loads of goods at higher speeds than boats or wagons, which made them extremely efficient methods for trade. Furthermore, goods transported on railroads faced a lower risk of damage or breakage than by boats because land travel is much more uniform in motion than water travel. Oppositely, canals posed a high risk of damage to the transported goods: â€Å"much damage has been received by goods from the roughness of the water† (Wade, 41). With regards to perishable goods, the railroads offered safer traveling conditions by eliminating the bacteria produced by stagnant water as well as dust particles. Some rail cars even served as â€Å"refrigerators†, so meat could be transported across the country. Of course, the tremendous speed of the railroads contributed to their efficiency in the transportation of goods. Along with communication and trade, the railroads made a significant change in the overall cost of transportation. First, railroads could be constructed across the country at one-third of the expense to build a single canal. This was primarily due to the on land construction, which took one-third of the time to build than canals, so workers were not being paid for such an extended period of time (Wade, 6). The railroads offered greater promise in making more money because they could be used for every season, all year long. The costs decreased even after the construction of railroads. The tolls on canals were expensive while the tolls on railroads were only one-third the cost per ton of that of canals. Also, railroads were preserved and repaired more easily than canals. While the cost to repair canals was extremely expensive, railroads were repaired at one-third the cost. When repairs were needed there was no delay for the passengers or the goods because it was quite customary to transfer from one rail station to another (Wade, 35). The decreased costs to build and repair both contributed to the lower rates of travel for the passengers. Railroad rates were based on cost, determined by weight, distance, and grade, not on profit. These decreased costs were important in promoting the railway industry because they offered such affordable means of traveling for their passengers. Overall, the rise of railroads across the United States in the 1800’s led to great benefits in communication, the transport of goods, and the overall decrease in cost of transportation. These factors all played important roles in the expansion of America. Breakthroughs in communication and trade led to the rise of major cities and industries. The low rates offered by the railways allowed affordable means of transportation for all people, which brought more and more settlers westward. Oscar Winther relates that â€Å"the building of these western railroads had been in a very real sense frontier enterprises; they were, by and large, gigantic thrusts into and across the heretofore unsettled domain† (Winther 116). It was, in fact, the railroads that led to the ultimate expansion of the American frontier. How to cite The Impact of Railroads in America, Papers

Critical analysis of Alice Sebolds The Lovely Bones free essay sample

Alice Sebold’s number one national bestselling novel The Lovely Bones depicts the horrendous rape and murder of a small-town girl named Suzie Salmon. Suzie must then watchfrom her own personal heaven—her family and friends struggle to cope and move on with their lives. The novel is set in the suburbs of Norristown, Pennsylvania, 1973. Published in 2002, The Lovely Bones became an instant bestseller, and in 2010 it was released into theaters around the world. Alice Sebold’s early years helped set the stage for her literary career. When Alice Sebold was a freshman at Syracuse University, she survived a brush with death herself. On May 8, 1981, she was raped while walking home through a park off campus. Her attacker dragged her into a tunnel and brutally sodomized her. Sebold reported the crime to the police, but at the time they could not identify any suspects (â€Å"Alice Sebold† 108). Sebold returned to Syracuse after spending the summer with her parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical analysis of Alice Sebolds The Lovely Bones or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On October 5, 1981, Sebold was walking down a street near campus, and she recognized her rapist. Eventually, with the help of her family, she found the courage to help police identify her assailant and even took to the witness stand during his trial where he was convicted (â€Å"Alice Sebold† 108). He received the maximum sentence. Several years after Sebold graduated from Syracuse, she moved to Manhattan, where she held several waitressing jobs. Sebold wanted to write her story through poetry, but neither poetry nor her attempts at writing a novel became reality. Sebold began writing the book that would become Lucky in New York. In its first drafts, the book was a fictionalized version of her rape and its aftermath. Sebold later turned the book into a memoir. After successfully finishing her memoir, Sebold continued to write The Lovely Bones, which was released in 2002. In an interview conducted by Ann Darby of Publishers Weekly, Sebold said of The Lovely Bones: I was motivated to write about violence because I believe its not unusual. I see it as just a part of life, and I think we get in trouble when we separate people whove experienced it from those who havent. Though its a horrible experience, its not as if violence hasnt affected many of us† (Darby, Ann, and Jeff Zaleski 41). Sebold’s own life tragedy helped turn her into a number one national bestselling author. After finishing up Lucky and The Lovely Bones, Sebold turned her attention into writing her second novel. Released in 2007 by Little, Brown and Company, The Almost Moon followed the same path as her first two literary works. The Almost Moon is about a young woman who murders her mother, and in the following hours recalls the memories that led to her decision. Alice Sebold now lives with her husband, Glen David Gold, in San Francisco. Sebold now looks upon The Lovely Bones as the novel that paved the way for her efficacious literary career. Many critical reviews have been published on The Lovely Bones, a few of which are written below. Paula L. Woods, from the Los Angeles Times has only positive comments about Sebold’s work: â€Å"Sebold teaches us much about living and dying, holding on and letting go, as messy and imperfect and beautiful as the processes can be—and has created a novel that is painfully fine and accomplished, one which readers will have their own difficulties relinquishing, long after the last page is turned† (â€Å"What Readers and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  i). Woods is correct when she speaks of life and death; however, another major concept that Sebold teaches us is the â€Å"between†. The â€Å"between† is a huge part of The Lovely Bones. The â€Å"between† is where Suzie spends most of the novel, and it is where she finds courage and the ability to accept the tragedy that she endured. Woods’s statement; overall, is short, sweet and to the point. However, it lacks real emotion and nearly gives the reader a summary of The Lovely Bones. Michiko Kakutani from the New York Times gives his own review of The Lovely Bones. He says it is: A keenly observed portrait of familial love and how it endures and changes over time†¦. A deeply affecting meditation on ways in which terrible pain and loss can be redeemed—slowly, grudgingly, and in fragments—through love and acceptance†¦. Ms. Sebold’s achievements: her ability to capture both the ordinary and the extraordinary, that banal and the horrific, in lyrical, unsentimental prose; her instinctive understanding of the mathematics of love between parents and children; her gift for making palpable the dreams, regrets and unstilled hopes of one girl and one family. (â€Å"What Readers and † ii) To put Kakutani’s review in one word would be spot-on correct. Kakutani somehow takes all of the messages, symbols and themes in The Lovely Bones and crams them into a short paragraph. Overall, Kakutani’s review was heartfelt and a magnificent interpretation of The Lovely Bones. Karen Sandstrom from the Cleveland Plain Dealer speaks ignorantly of The Lovely Bones: She says, â€Å"Here is a writer who honors fiction’s primary gift—the infinity of possibilities—by following her imagination to wondrous and terrifying places† (â€Å"What Readers and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ii). Had Ms. Karen Sandstrom done some background work on Alice Sebold, she would have discovered that Sebold was a rape victim. This knowledge would have pointed her in a new direction. This direction would have changed Sandstrom’s original review. Considering that Sebold was a rape victim herself, she would not have had to â€Å"imagine† the tragedy and heartache that Suzie went through, since she experienced the horror for herself. In conclusion, Sandstrom’s review is weak, and it is obvious that she lacked proper knowledge of the author. After reviewing Alice Sebold’s life and the many critical commentaries on the literary worth of The Lovely Bones, the reader can clearly see that although it is premature in the world of literature, it will one day be thought of as a great work of art. While a reader is analyzing The Lovely Bones he/she should pay careful attention to the major changes Susie goes through, the major themes represented in the novel, the uniquely represented literary techniques, and the authors style and structure of writing. All of the characters in The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold help create the overall message that the novel portrays. Throughout the novel Susie Salmon faces many difficult challenges that help her grow as a person and that ultimately lead to her to heaven. Alice Sebold opens up The Lovely Bones with Susie saying â€Å"My name was Salmon, like the fish; first name, Susie† (Sebold 5). This statement is not only foreshadowing the death of Susie, it also helps the reader understand Susie’s frame of mind at the beginning of her journey. In the beginning of Sebold’s novel, Susie is stuck reminiscing on her past life she has an immense desire to be a part of the living world. While Susie is talking to Franny, her intake counselor, she says; â€Å"People grow up by living. I want to live† (Sebold 19). Susie continually has the desire to be among the living, but as the years slide by and Susie watches her family grow, grieve and live she slowly starts to accept the fact that she will never be among the living again. Susie grows mentally throughout the novel; however, her emotional growth lay dormant until Susie hits a turning point. The major turning point for Susie’s character is the moment of her temporary resurrection. Ruth allows Susie to use her body. Susie then does the one thing she has been reminiscing about in heaven, loving Ray Singh. After Susie has made love to Ray she says; â€Å"I had taken this time to love instead—in love with the sort of helplessness I had not felt in death—the helplessness of being alive, the dark bright pity of being human† (Sebold 309). Here, Susie has been able to feel what she has so long been yearning; she has the chance to feel what it’s like to live again. Susie is then pulled back into the non-physical world, and for once she is happy. As the novel comes to an end Susie is sitting in her heaven looking down onto earth, she sees everything she has left behind, and happiness and love fill her heart. She ends the novel with this wishful phrase; â€Å"I wish you all a long and happy life† (Sebold 328). From this point on, although the novel has ended, the reader can postulate that Susie is with her grandmother in the deeper part of heaven. Overall, Susie’s character embarks on a major change, at the beginning of the novel Susie is a young girl afraid of death and petrified of her murderer; however, by the end of the novel, the reader will be able to see a much more mature and brave Susie. The theme in a novel is used to help the reader understand the overall message of the novel. The Lovely Bones is filled with many themes that help shape the dreary yet sad novel. The major theme represented is grief. Grief is apparent from the very beginning of the novel and becomes even more apparent as the novel progresses. For every character in The Lovely Bones the grieving process differs. Jack, Susie’s father wants to revenge Susie death by finding her murderer. He becomes so obsessed with loving Susie that he often has to remind himself to give his love to the living. Susie’s mother, Abigail does not want to face Susie’s death and instead pulls away from her family and retreats into herself. Buckley, Susie’s younger brother wants to be let in on the secret of Susie’s death, and when he is, he allows himself to miss her and to honor her. Susie’s younger sister, Lindsey wants to live away from the shadow of Susie. Susie’s family is torn apart in their own separate grieving, but they are able to come back together in the end as a whole. Susie observes her family throughout their grieving processes; â€Å"â€Å"I watched my beautiful sister running . . . and I knew she was not running away from me or toward me. Like someone who has survived a gut-shot, the wound had been closing, closing braiding into a scar for eight long years† (Sebold 242). In this excerpt, Susie watches as her sister finally reaches a point where her pain will soon be healed. In the end of the novel, Susie notes the formation of new connections. She refers to them as â€Å"†¦ the lovely bones that had grown around my absence: the connections sometimes tenuous, sometimes made at great cost, but often magnificent that happened after I was gone† (Sebold 320). These connections allowed her family and friends to survive the grief of losing her. Interestingly, Susie is also able to â€Å"survive† her grief at being taken out of the human world and missing her family. By leaving her family in the end, Susie leaves them to live their lives and to move on from her death. Altogether, the major theme of grief in The Lovely Bones is represented thoroughly throughout the three-hundred-and-twenty page novel. Literary techniques play an important part in the overall shaping of a novel. The most uniquely represented literary technique in The Lovely Bones is embodied in the symbols of Susie’s photographs. There are many different photographs in the novel, but each picture carries a deeper meaning. The most iconic photograph in the novel is the photo that Susie took of Abigail one morning. In the photograph that Susie takes of Abigail as she looks out over the lawn, before the family is awake, Susie sees her mother as the true Abigail, who she thinks of as the mother-stranger. The camera has the ability to capture the moment when Abigail is her true self. For each person who sees the picture of Abigail, they have a different reaction. After Susie’s death, Jack Salmon develops some of the other rolls of film and finds photographs of Abigail â€Å"putting on her mask† as he comes home from work. The mask of motherhood and marriage disguises the real Abigail, and is most visible in the photographs Susie took of her. Another iconic photograph is Susie’s school picture. Len Fenerman keeps a copy of the photo in his wallet as an unsolved case; Abigail keeps a copy in her wallet that she rarely looks at; and Ray keeps a copy that he buries in a volume of Indian poetry, only to discover it again when he goes to college. The photograph has a different meaning for every character. To Len the photo represents his failure at discovering Susie’s killer, and in the end he writes â€Å"gone† (Sebold 258) on the back indicating his acceptance that the dead are no longer with them. For Abigail, Susie is her first daughter and the one who originally made her a mother; the picture makes her feel as though she was punished for not wanting Susie. In the end Abigail leaves the portrait at the airport, symbolizing her transition out of the trauma of Susie’s death. For Ray, Susie’s picture is an image of the girl that he first loved. As the novel progresses forward, the characters that possess the portrait change their reading of it, signifying their ability to move on from the trauma and grief of Susie’s death. Another unique literary technique used in The Lovely Bones is the novel’s point-of-view. The entire novel is seen through Susie’s eyes, thus the novel is told from a first person point-of-view. This is a useful plot device because there are never any questions for Susie about what is going on in the world of the living. Since Susie is dead and watching from the between, the reader has access to all of the other character thoughts and actions. The difference between Susie’s narration and the narration of the usual third person narrator is that Susie plays a key role in the plot; her murder is the main conflict of the novel, and the way the living characters come to terms with her loss is the primary theme of the novel. This point-of-view is exceptionally helpful in showing the theme of grief in the novel. If The Lovely Bones had been told from a different point-of-view the theme would be less obvious, and the reader would lose the novel’s dreary and traumatic sensory details. Overall, The Lovely Bones is filled with many literary techniques that help the reader understand how Susie see’s the world around her. An author’s style of writing is what sets his or her writing apart and makes it unique. Alice Sebold shows her easy-to-follow style and structure of writing throughout The Lovely Bones. Sebolds writing style is very strong. She makes great use of descriptive energy. The way Sebold paints portraits with her words is truly mesmerizing. The following is an example: I loved the way the burned-out flashcubes of the Kodak Instamatic marked a moment that had massed, one that would now be gone forever except for a picture. When they were spent, I took the cubed four-corner flashbulbs and passed them from hand to hand until they cooled. The broken filaments of the flash would turn a molten marble blue or sometimes smoke the thin glass black. I had rescued the moment by using my camera and in that way had found a way to stop time and hold it. No one could take that image away from me because I owned it† (Sebold 163). Sebold uses many sensory details in The Lovely Bones, not just sight, but also smell, taste, sound, and touch. She uses these details to give the reader the sense that he/she is there when the story or poem takes place. Sebold’s vivid use of imagery is especially helpful in portraying the tone of the other characters. With such descriptive imagery, the reader is forced to focus in on the different personalities of the characters. In turn, this helps the reader when comparing how the different characters cope with Susie’s tragic death. The order in which a novel is told is vastly important. The novel begins on December 6, 1963 and ends around the early nineteen-eighties. The Lovely Bones is written in chronological order with flashbacks in between. However, these flashbacks do not give the reader headaches like most novels do. These trips back in time are insightful, necessary, and valuable to the reader. They help to keep Sebold’s novel in- check. Abigail did not have an affair with Detective Len Fenerman because she felt like it. A flashback shows that Jack and Abigail had once been in a flourishing marriage. Flashbacks like these give information that would otherwise be lost and enable the reader to understand plot elements in the present. In total, the imagery used and the order in which the story is told are both factors that help make The Lovely Bones a great piece of literature. In whole, The Lovely Bones is filled with many literary devices. The Lovely Bones is â€Å"destined to be a classic along the lines of To Kill a Mockingbird, and it’s one of the best books I’ve read in years—The New York Times† (â€Å"What Readers and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ii). The ups-and-downs Susie faces are what make the novel inspiring to people of all sorts, the theme of grief is universal among all of the characters, the literary techniques presented are truly Sebold original, and the author’s style and structure of writing are what make The Lovely Bones easy to follow. All of these different literary devices contribute greatly to the masterpiece that is The Lovely Bones. The novel will forever live on and be remembered among the works of the great.

Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam Essay Example

Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam Paper Meeting with Dry Vow Van Mat, Managing Director of HIP, distributor In Vietnam: Dry Maim expected the IT market in Vietnam to hit US$500 million by the year 2000. The market size had doubled each year for the past few years and Dry Maim expected the IT market to grow even more rapidly in the next two years. Currently, IT took the form of mainly personal computers (PCs) with some limited local area networks. Vietnam, being an IT Greenfield, looked likely to adopt client-server technology In a big way, bypassing legacy and proprietary systems common In most developing and developed countries. The PC brands available in Vietnam included Compact, HP. ACRE, Weariness, SAT, Digital, Unions and IBM. Dry Maim felt that the most attractive segments of the IT market would be finance, utilities, telecommunications, petrochemical and airlines. Today, within Vietnam, the primary means of data transmission was using phone lines and modem. Between Hanoi and Ho Chi Mining City, more sophisticated and higher bandwidth transmission methods were available through Fiber Optic Links and X. 25. Dry conclusions were that it would be three to four years before the Vietnamese market became really significant In IT revenues. He felt that the next two years would be critical In establishing a presence and building relationships and awareness AT products Ana services. Totaling Outages Tort II expenditure was still a problem. The IT-2000 plan, however, was a clear indication of the commitment to IT. Meeting with Ross Nicholson, General Manager of DHAL Worldwide Express: Ross Nicholson felt that it had access to good market information as DHAL had been operating in Vietnam since 1988. DHAL worked through the Vietnam Post Office as the Vietnamese government still controlled the provision of mail and postal services eighty. We will write a custom essay sample on Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ross told us that things had not boomed as expected since the American embargo was lifted. Some obstacles, like chaotic taxation laws and investment risks, still plagued potential investors. In the short-term, the Mexican peso incident was likely to affect the investor outlook, especially in emerging economies like Vietnam. In opinion, the finance industry had the highest prospects for growth in the immediate future. In time, more technologically advanced production activity would take place. DHAL would then have the opportunity to sell logistics arrives to these new entrants, leveraging on their long experience in the Vietnamese market. DHAL would like to get itself integrated into these companies, which would be very happy to listen because they were in start-up mode. Nicholson believed that there would not be anything spectacular for two or three more years. He cited lack of skilled IT personnel as one of the obstacles to IT growth. Still, he felt that it was well worth the investment of establishing a presence in Vietnam now, so that when the boom came, companies like DHAL would be well positioned to capitalize on the ensuing growth. DHAL currently used a standalone PC for its IT needs. This was certainly not suitable for the anticipated growth. Ross intended to upgrade to a nationwide system comprised of two HP 9000 Sees. Meeting with Dry Triune Gig Bin, Managing Director of FTP: The Corporation for Financing and Promoting Technology (FTP) was a wholly owned government company incorporated under the auspices of the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment (MOST). Dry Bin, the managing director of FTP and son-in-law of a prominent general in Vietnam, elaborated on the difference in status teen a representative office and an operating office. Basically, a representative office could only acquire goods required for the operation of the office. It was not allowed to receive payment for any products or services rendered but could provide marketing and support services as part of its distributor support service. Commenting on the attractiveness of the IT market, Dry Bin felt that the financial sector would be very attractive, due to high growth prospects and the prominence placed on it by the Vietnamese economy in the next three to four years. Walt Hal scan Dud, Director AT electrical services Ana operations, Vietnam Mobile Telecommunication Services: Ha Chaos Dud expressed that he looked forward to a long term relationship with HP. He mentioned the tremendous opportunities in Vietnam Mobile Telecoms Services (VIM) to build network. Today VIM supplied cellular services to 9000 subscribers in Ho Chi Mining City and Hanoi. The IT projects needed to facilitate the provision of cellular services were in operation, transmission, business support, finance, end-user computing and emailing. He also mentioned that the next project would involve some management system software for the telecommunication network. Meeting with Unguent Train, Chairman of HCI Computer Association: Unguent Train was a very influential personality in IT and chairman of Ho Chi Mini City Computer Association. The Vietnam IT 2000 plan would be driven centrally from Hanoi. The city also had a board, which would oversee the implementation of the IT 2000 plan. The plan had been approved and Mr.. Unguent revealed details regarding the two other projects. One was IT applications for municipal and government administration in the areas of rainspout and traffic control, financial control, industrial administration, land property, city planning, trade services and manpower development. The other was governmental IT infrastructural development. This included the setup of units such as the Centre for System Analysis and Design and the Center for Manpower Development and projects such as the feasibility study for Ho Chi Mini DEED, a museum for IT development and an Internet gateway for Vietnam. In his estimate, the market size of the Vietnamese IT industry would be IIS$500 million by the year 2000. Market Entry Decision Options Vietnam represented a promising market with untapped potential. There were, however, risks. Despite all the recent rapid progress toward a free economy, the basic political structure in Vietnam had not changed. Although Vietnam had recently adopted an open door policy, economic development in the country was only beginning to take off, and the pace and direction of reform was still uncertain. Although the economy was robust, the economy suffered from high inflation and the dong was expected to depreciate against the U. S dollar. There were gaps in Vietnam? gal framework with two instances where business firms were subjected to different interpretations of the law by authorities at different levels in the government, which resulted in different applications of the same law. This had caused uncertainties and delay on the business setup. Although ten International technology (l l) market In Valetta Ana potential, ten market was currently small and the market growth was uncertain. HEAP management needed to weigh the positive and negative factors before deciding if the company should enter the Vietnam market in a more strategic manner. HEAP had to decide the market entry options which were available to them. They could appoint one or more independent organizations as distributors; or set up a joint venture partnership. Other options included franchising, direct presence through a wholly owned subsidiary or representative office to provide marketing, sales support and management services. John knew he had to make a decision soon. Many of its competitors had already made strategic moves in Vietnam. If HEAP did not act quickly, they might be left behind. (Adapted from by John S. Hill)

High-stepping Stepchildren

High-stepping Stepchildren High-stepping Stepchildren High-stepping Stepchildren By Maeve Maddox English has several idioms that employ the words step and stepping. As a verb, step means to lift the foot and set it down again on the ground in a new position. As a noun, step is the act of stepping. baby steps and giant steps A â€Å"baby step† is a step that covers a very narrow distance: Still, a year after Mr. Shumlin’s call to arms, progress can be measured only in baby steps. A â€Å"giant step† is one that covers a wide distance, either forward or backward: One of those amendments would address Citizens United which, [Stevens] wrote, was a giant step in the wrong direction. goose-stepping To goose step is to march in such a way that the legs swing sharply from the hips, and the knees are locked. Soldiers marching in this way resemble mechanical toys. Because this type of marching was a feature of Nazi military display, it is associated with fascist power. Goose-stepping in unison may have been used by the Nazis to help brainwash people into following their cause, a new study suggests. India and Pakistans aggressive border closing ceremony has been stopped after soldiers complained the high goose-stepping was wrecking their knee joints and causing foot injuries. Confess that guns hold absolutely no interest or appeal for you, and youre a leftist, a radical who wont be happy until the jackbooted thugs of The New World Order are goose-stepping down Main Street, trampling Our Sacred Freedoms. â€Å"Goose-stepping† always has a negative connotation, but another idiom, â€Å"high-stepping,† can be positive or negative. Literally, â€Å"high-stepping† describes the act of lifting the legs high while walking. Because horse fanciers admired the gait of a high-stepping horse, a fashionable or attractive person came to be known as â€Å"a high-stepper.† Sometimes the term is used in a negative sense to refer to someone who lives extravagantly, or who aspires to a higher social status: Dona had come to town as a schoolteacher.   She was pretty, vivacious, and in the parlance of the time, a â€Å"high-stepper.† Leo Donnelly, always at his peak in silk-lined, low-comedy, high-stepping crook roles, is here at his best. The following sentence spoken by an NPR regular seems to confuse high-stepping and goose-stepping: Nazi soldiers’ high stepping casts a fog over the event. Note: The word fog is also jarring; perhaps the announcer was reaching for pall. Two more idioms that have literal and figurative meanings are â€Å"to sidestep† and â€Å"to step up to the plate.† The literal meaning of sidestep is to step aside, as if to avoid some physical obstacle: Climbing from the carriage, she held her bag against her chest and  tried to sidestep  a puddle  the size of a small lake. Figuratively, â€Å"to sidestep† is to avoid involvement or responsibility: Jefferson Township Sewer Authority  hopes to sidestep  big expense with grant money. â€Å"Step up to the plate† comes from the game of baseball. Note: Home plate is a 5-sided rubber slab at one corner of a baseball diamond at which a batter stands when batting and which must be touched by a base runner in order to score. When it’s a player’s turn to bat, he â€Å"steps up to the plate.† Figuratively, the expression means to come forward and accept responsibility for something that must be done: Community members stepped up to the plate and raised more than $2,700 for the Harmon Killebrew Miracle Field at a recent fundraiser. Unrelated to the verb step in the sense of moving the feet is the affix step- as in stepchild. This step derives from an ancient Germanic word element that was placed before the word for a family member â€Å"to form designations for the degrees of affinity resulting from the remarriage of a widowed parent.† For example, a widow who married a widower would become the stepmother of the widower’s children. They in turn would be her stepchildren. Stepmothers in all the fairy tales I’ve read are notorious for their ill treatment of their stepchildren. Consider, for example, the stories of Cinderella and Hansel and Gretel. Because of the stereotype of the wicked stepmother, the word stepchild has acquired the figurative meaning of â€Å"someone or something that is neglected, undervalued, or abused.† Here are some examples: â€Å"Its a sad fact that P.E. is  educations  ugly  stepchild,† said Goldstein. Rarely is open space seen as more than an afterthought. It truly is a stepchild of planning when it should be a catalyst and spatial organizer for development.   A fairly recent embellishment of stepchild in the sense of an object of abuse and neglect is the expression â€Å"redheaded stepchild.† The earliest evidence of the phrase in the Ngram Viewer is dated 1923. An article at World Wide Words references an example from 1910. Like stepmothers, redheaded people do not fare well in folklore. If a stepchild is undervalued, then a redheaded stepchild is the object of special negative attention: We then learned that Waukegan is apparently  the North  Shores  red headed stepchild.   The South is the  red-headed stepchild  in the American story.   Note: The adjective is hyphenated in the OED, but spelled as one word in Merriam-Webster. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Driver License vs. Driver’s LicenseTypes of Ignorance

Case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Case study analysis - Essay Example I decided to visit Gartree Therapeutic Community to learn on how offenders can interact well among themselves as well as the staff. I had a vision of learning about different therapeutic interventions. Prison Objectives This organization is guided by aims that enable it rehabilitate offenders of different kinds. First objective is to instill hope in the convict. In many cases when one is sent to prison, he or she feels shut and forgotten forever. People believe that there is no life behind bars. However, this organization restores the lost hope in the offender. This helps to boost his morale and self esteem. It also prepares him or her to face the new challenges that he will face in prison life. In addition, it is said that when hope is lost all is lost. Therefore, the prison has well laid objectives that enable the offender accept his new status in society. This enables prisoners to move on with their lives. When an individual learns to accept his environment, cope with the changes and appreciate the people around him, such an individual grows. This shows that this objective of instilling hope to offenders is a positive attitude. Offenders feel that the world has condemned them, and there is nothing good left for them. They are considered as chiefs of sinners. The society tends to avoid such people. They are separated from their friends and loved ones. They learn to accept that they will be in prison forever. Such scenarios suck hope, leaving us in a world of deep thought. It was a positive idea for the prison authority to come up with this objective of instilling hope in offenders. Moreover, it is my desire that the staff is also part of the program. Today people are going through different challenges in their lives such as loss of jobs, rejection, marriage break ups; lose of loved ones among many. They need to be encouraged and supported morally. Lees, Manning, and Rawlings (2004) suggest that through personal interactions among the prison community, people can encourage each other. Life issues are always present. They come to us when we like it or not. It is vital that we equip ourselves with life skills that can assist us overcome. Another objective in this organization is assisting offenders to have an insight on how their problems came about. A prison is a rehabilitation agency out to correct individuals. This indicates that one should turn away from his past and be able to focus on the future. However, one can not achieve this without realizing where things went wrong. It is the duty of the prison to help the offender be able to have this insight and make an about turn in this life. This helps a person to stop blaming himself or the people who were around him. This insight helps the offender to realize that the things he does affects other directly or indirectly. This fosters to bring change from the inside of a person. It also helps one to avoid doing things that may affect other negatively. This enables him to be cautious with h is words and actins. More so, it helps to create a significant interaction among offenders and the staff. Particular Site The GTC was established in 1993 to give an opportunity to under therapy in a unique living and learning environment. This regime is similar to the rest of the wings. However, in the mornings prisoners enroll in therapy time exercises. They engage in therapy and feed back program for three mornings in small groups. Such small

MIS infrastructure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MIS infrastructure - Assignment Example Grid computing has helped Xerox Corporation to coordinate in solving a common problem because it entails a collection of computers which is often geographically dispersed. For grid computing, an issue is broken into pieces and spread to many machines, enabling faster processing power than could happen on a single system. Devices use a percentage of their processing power is leaving more unused processing power thus putting together thousand of single computers to build a supercomputer that can handle intensive duties. The smart grid is used to bring electricity using two-way digital technology. Cloud computing assists Xerox Corporation in resource utilization and applications hosted remotely on the internet. Xerox Corporation also uses virtualized computing to create multiple efficient machines on single computing devices, where a data center is used to house MIS and related elements such as storage systems and telecommunications. Sustainable data centers help in the reduction of car bon emissions, minimizes the needed floor space and chooses a geographic location.Xerox Corporation help companies to establish their strength and weaknesses because of the performance record of the employees, revenue report among more. For Xerox, it supports the communication of the people and planning tool. The system is useful in Xerox because it helps the company perform directive marketing and promotion activities, for example, availability of customer feedback can assist the business to align business processes.

Research on Shisha Smoking Hazards

Research on Shisha Smoking Hazards Abstract This research was conducted to familiarize with the Hazards of Shisha Smoking among the youth of today, since past five years in the metropolitan city of Lahore. Primary and secondary sources were of great use. The information collected revealed that the teenagers are adopting Shisha as a style statement without knowing its health consequences. Cafes serving Shisha are considered to be rapidly increasing and therefore gain a big clientele. Besides being a growing trend it is a source of income to many suppliers. The study also found that smoking Shisha for an hour is as harmful as smoking 100 cigarettes. The need of the hour is to educate the youth regarding the harmful effects of smoking Shisha. Although a complete ban on anything is not possible, government should take steps to grip this growing culture. We have divided our main research topic into 5 different domains. Shisha Smoking and its Hazards Shisha originated in north westerns province of India, in the state of Rajastan and Gujrat. According to Cyril Elgood who does not mention his source, he was in India where Hakim Abdul Fateh Gillani an Iranian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar introduced the idea of Shisha..   Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry. Although Hooka has been prevalent in rural areas of Pakistan, it only recently entered in the urban areas in a substitute form of hookah which is known as Shisha. Shisha became very popular amongst youth when it was first introduces, gradually it founds it way to peoples houses, parties, functions and events. Cafes and restaurants have gathered a lot of acknowledgement by adding Shisha in variety of flavours in their menu card. By seeing this acknowledgement almost all cafes are serving Shisha in Lahore. There are many problem been faced due to Shisha as it is a demerit good. Although some studies says that Shisha smoking is safer than tobacco cigarette smoking but medical professionals says that all kinds on smoking is bad for health, therefore Shisha stands at same level as is the cigarette regarding health issues. Each Shisha session typically lasts for more than 40 minutes, and consists of 40 to 150 drags that each consists of 0.15 to 0.50 litres of smoke. Hour long Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100-200 cigarettes; in a 45-minute smoking session a typical smoker would inhale 1.7 times the nicotine of a single cigarette. The water in Shisha use to filter diseases is not that efficient to remove all kinds of diseases. . People are suffering certain diseases as they had been a regular consumer of Shisha. Therefore Health issue is the main issue of Shisha consumption. A research department on Shisha smoking and cancer in Pakistan was published in 2008. Our scope of this research on Shisha is for last five years within geographical boundaries of Lahore. Our primary question for research is the hazards of Shisha. This we answered by acquiring knowledge of Shishas four domains significance of Shisha, health issues regarding the usage of Shisha, cafes serving Shisha and problems faced by Shisha victims due to its ban. Literature Review The objective of this paper is to study and highlight the social, behavioral, and health related aspects as well as its externalities with regard to water-pipe smoking among adolescents in Lahore since last 5 years and also to create awareness among the youth. Water pipe, also known as Shisha, â€Å"Hubble Bubble†, â€Å"Narghile†, â€Å"Ghoza† and â€Å"Hookah†, has been in practice for the last 400 years. The reasons accredited to this trend are various misconceptions, that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health. Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modernization of our cultural heritage. (Anjum et al, 2007) The extent to which water pipe smoking has penetrated our society is difficult to establish since very little work has been done on it. A recent survey conducted in high socio-economic schools of Karachi reported that Shisha is gaining popularity among the young generation and it is easily available in the restaurants, hotels and Shisha cafes. This survey estimated that almost 70% children have experienced this form of tobacco, as young as seven years old. Its smoke also contains hundreds of potentially dangerous substances including carbon monoxide, charcoal, nicotine, arsenic, cobalt, chromium and lead causing disorders including lung and bladder cancers, impaired pulmonary functions, coronary heart disease, infertility, tobacco dependence and so on. (Anjum et al, 2008) Some research carried out in the UK last year showed that the people who regularly smoke `Shisha` may suffer from disastrous levels of carbon monoxide (CO) resembling to that of inhaling a car exhaust. In addition, water pipe smokers might absorb higher concentrations of these toxic substances because of higher concentrations in the smoke itself, or because they may smoke for several hours at a time and may inhale the moisturised, less irritating smoke more deeply. An hour-long `Shisha` session involves inhaling 100 to 200 times the amount of volume of smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette. This menace of Shisha Smoking is fast spreading among school and college going students. According to a research, more than 1000 Pakistani children of ages between of 6-16 years take up smoking every day. Although the Anti-Smoking Ordinance 2002, clearly prohibits storage, sale and distribution of tobacco products near educational institutions, yet some leading universities, schools and colleges in Lahore allow Shisha Smoking on social events. Besides this a number of posters posted on walls and bookshops carry attractive offers for Shisha smokers. This is primarily meant to motivate the youth studying in nearby institutions towards Shisha smoking. In fact, every day new Shisha cafes are opening up in the country because of its increasing demand by the younger generation which is further pushing the youth towards the use of this menace. Smoking is also prohibited at all public places, including hotels and restaurants. Yet, it is being served in different cafes and restaurants of the vicinity. It is indeed sad that by allowing cigarette and `Shisha` smoking in these closed premises, the anti-smoking laws of the country are being disobeyed by almost all hotels and restaurants in the country. (Dr Javed Khan, 2010) The reasons for this rising trend are certain misconceptions that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health, since the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; nicotine content is less than that of cigarettes and addition of fruit flavours make it healthier. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modern lifestyle. Our research has shown that increasing consumption of Shisha smoking among the young generation is likely to become a serious public health issue of Pakistan in a very near future. Research has shown that people who consume Shisha are likely to become regular cigarette smokers and are also pushed towards other drugs indirectly. Lack of knowledge is the main problem due to which treatment induced is ineffective to make people quit water-pipe smoking. The space between knowledge and treatment can be filled by the efforts made by the research authorities. People should be aware of the health threats so the new trend of tobacco smoking causing diseases, addiction and death can be prevented. Our health authorities must take notice of the current situation and put a complete ban on serving `Shisha` at any hotel or restaurant in the country. The electronic and print media must warn the public, particularly the youth, on the serious potential health hazards associated with `Shisha` smoking. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Research Questions Primary research question Hazards of Shisha Smoking among youngsters in Lahore, DHA and Gulberg since last past five years. Subsidiary questions 1. Do you smoke Shisha? This question was generated to know whether the respondent is a smoker or a non smoker. If someone smokes a Shisha, then what the reason actually was, being peer pressure, surroundings or status symbol. If he doesnt, then what is the reason behind it? 2. Do you think Shisha is harmful for health? This question was generated to find out the general opinion of the public about the health hazards of Shisha. 3. Has Shisha become an addiction for you? This question was asked to find out if quitting Shisha smoking is possible for the respondents. It also enquires to what extent is the respondent dependent on the Shisha availability. 4. In your opinion, what is more harmful for health? Cigarette or Shisha? This question inquires the respondents about the misconception of Shisha being less harmful than a cigarette. It is designed to find out how deep is this misconception enrooted in their minds. Methodology Data collection tools consist of a questionnaire and 4 interviews. A sample of 30 pupils was taken, consisting of Shisha smokers and non-Shisha smokers, to fill the questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed using simple random sampling and snowball sampling. 10 questionnaires were filled in the university and the remaining questionnaires were distributed to random pupils in cafes. Once the data was collected, it was analyzed by the help of Statgraphic. Interviews were conducted from four people, a doctor, and a consumer of Shisha, a supplier and a worker in cafe. The workers and consumers interview was held on 20th March 2011 at Mini golf. The suppliers interview was conducted on 28th March 2011 at Cafe Rock, while the doctors interview was carried out (March, 3, 2011). Analyses of questionnaire and interviews have been included in the discussion. Analysis of Data and Discussion Social Significance Shisha in Pakistan was introduced in the cafe â€Å"mini golf† in the liveliest city of this country Lahore in 2000. As years passed away Shisha has become one of the most significant product of get togethers. Shah Sharabeel the owner of mini golf received huge amount of revenue and acknowledgment by the serving of Shisha which attracted other businessmen got an idea to promote their cafes by providing Shisha in their cafes. Now there are more than 200 cafes serving Shisha in the city Lahore this is my own observation. It has become so significant that even in the hotels like â€Å"Pearl Continental Hotel† also serve Shisha†. Shisha significance has increased dramatically it is not only served in elite areas like Gulberg but also in lower class areas like Anarkali. It was really surprising for me as a consumer of Shisha when I was attending a wedding ceremony where I was served a Shisha, this was the very moment when I myself gave a thought that Shisha is becoming a part of Lahores culture. The serving of Shisha in wedding ceremonies is becoming so common nowadays, I myself have attended five wedding ceremonies in which Shisha had been served. Nowadays majority of youngsters have Shisha at their homes this shows that Shisha is now socially accepted as a part of our culture. In the questionnaire I proposed a question in which I asked about their parents strict check on Shisha smoking habit majority reply was no. This shows that people do not consider Shisha as a demerit good as is a cigarette. One of the main reasons for a drastic increase in Shisha consumption is that people have a false assumption that Shisha is environmental friendly and is less harmful than cigarette whereas in a research it has been proven that Shisha is far more dangerous for ones health as compare to cigarette. (See Appendix C, Figure 4). I come to about this false assumption by interviewing a regular consumer of Shisha. While interviewing there was a question raised that why is Shisha becoming so common among youngsters like you? In reply a consumer said that Shisha is becoming a trend among youngsters, people have an incentive to hang out which is to have Shisha. Shisha in short time period had turned out to be a style icon, Shishas consumers covered people from almost all groups of society. The young people are at top of the list in Shishas fan club. The attempts of the Punjab Government to check this fast growing culture had raised many questions and the most important is that when cigarette and other drugs are not been checked by the government then why the ban on Shisha? In reply its simple that Shisha is socially accepted. When people dont get back from trying cigarettes and other drugs then this Shisha a tasty fruitful sweet flavoured smoking system should not be refraining by people. There are many reasons for smoking Shisha some says that it is a hobby, it is the best pastime with friends, a way of keeping up-to-date with newest trends or just puffing as others do it. Shisha consumption is not limited to Shisha bars only but it is spreading its roots in education premises as well, â€Å"With the hovering news of Punjab Governments consideration for an altogether complete ban on Shisha, many willing investors feel discouraged to step in the previously blooming Shisha business. Of course a 100 percent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible but even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.†(Younis, 2011) Shisha has become so common in Pakistan that nearly all cafes, restaurants and eateries offer Shisha in variety of flavours. â€Å"Our young generation today are attracted to Shisha, as it comes in a variety of flavours and is popular as a group activity†. Many Shisha consumers have faith in this false statement that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes but the reality is quiet different Shisha is far more different than cigarettes. By smoking Shisha one inhales more carbon monoxide as compare to inhaling of cigarettes, which cause heart diseases, respiratory problems and many more similar to cigarettes diseases.† According to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, where Shisha is very popular, Shisha is just as, if not more, harmful than normal cigarettes. Headaches, blurred vision, palpitations and dizziness are just some of the symptoms reported by Shisha smokers as well as cigarette smokers.†(Mugani, 2009). Government of Pakistan should implement laws against Shisha smoking in public places, as this kinds of laws have been implementing in many countries all over the world. Whereas if someone wants to smoke he/she should does it at his/her home. Government should create awareness especially among young generation by setting awareness programme conducted in educational institutions to educate people about the hazards of Shisha smoking. (Mugani,2009) Shisha smoking for one hour is equal to 100 cigarettes smoking, Shisha addiction has increased in the form of fashion.† Pakistan Chest Society Sindhs General Secretary Dr Mushataque Ahmed Memon informed that a recent research has revealed that smoking Shisha is 10 times more injurious as compared to cigarette while smoking Shisha for an hour is equivalent to smoking 100 cigarettes, adding that the impacts of cigarette smoking are not hidden from anyone.† (Hanif, 2011) General Secretary said that Shisha smoking causes lung cancer. Causes respiratory problems and asthma. In addition it also causes mental health problems. He said that because of non-implication of laws to ban shiha, Shisha has become a vital problem young generations health, this issue has kept un noticed but it should be considered one of the main problems. â€Å"Pakistan Medical Associations President Prof Dr Idrees Edhi said that Shisha is becoming common since families do not consider it bad. He said especially the youth adopt Shisha smoking as a trend which eventually leads to addiction.†(Hanif, 2011) He said that everyone is aware of the hazards of cigarettes but no one is aware of the hazards of Shisha. Every cafe and restaurants serve Shisha where every student whether a boy or a girl both enjoy the taste and smoke of Shisha without noticing its hazards.   He pointed out certain misconceptions which are the reasons behind this rising trend he said people think that Shisha is environmental friendly due to baseless reasons including that the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; less nicotine content than that of a cigarette and healthier smoking due to the addition of fruit flavours but these all are misunderstandings.† Dr Javaid Khan told that he conducted a survey in four universities which revealed that 43 percent male and 11 percent female students were the addicts of Shisha while 60 percent males and 18 percent females had consumed Shisha once in their lives.† (Hanif, 2011). Shisha has become a major part of majority of the youngsters as I carried out a survey in which I asked the quantity of consumption of Shisha on average, majority reply was once daily. Shisha has become more of a trend and a way to keep one up to date. It has become a mean of get together. People even consider it as a best pastime. This really shows its significance. Government carry out surveys, research and passing laws against Shisha shows that Shisha is becoming Pakistanis culture its significance is increasing day by day. Nowadays it is becoming a major part of any festival   whether it is basant, jash-ne- bahara, wedding ceremony, birthday party or any private party. Shisha is available almost everywhere as a cigarette is available. People prefer Shisha over cigarettes as they follow their false assumption that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes. This all major points show that Shisha is affecting our nation by all means. (Hanif, 2011). Shisha Cafes In its most common meaning a cafe is a place to eat, a restaurant as we may call it, but when we talk about a cafe in Lahore, Pakistan there is a difference in its meaning than a restaurant. A cafe in Lahore has one distinctive feature than restaurants, which is, it is also a Shisha corner.   Shisha has become a lot popular since it was first introduced, around 10 years ago. The first place where it was served is National Park, more commonly known as Mini Golf. One of its owners is the most popular of personalities of Lahore, Shah Sharabeel. Ali Shisha wala isthe sole manufacturer of a certain design of Shisha. As Shisha increased in demand, investors set in to meet this demand. Places like Defense Housing Authority (DHA) and Gulberg were filled with such cafes. As competition set in, Mini golf managed to hold three open bars for Shisha serving which attracted quite a lot of teenagers, they offered, and still do, different discount cards to attract customers, mainly targeting teenagers, portraying Shisha as the new ‘hip product. Hazards of Shisha were not much of a concern then. It was only until recently that the hazards of Shisha have become a major concern. As Javed(2010) claims in an article, that Shisha has indeed become an addiction, which is widespread in the 16-25 years age group which consisted of 70 percent males and 30 percent female Shisha smokers. According to our research, most of the Shisha smokers are unaware of the threats posed by it and those who are aware of the hazards do not seem to understand the seriousness of it, like many cigarette smokers. The contents of Shisha mostly carry prohibited and addictive substances. One of the dangers is that Shisha may result into low fertility rates among girls. There may be about 30 cafes in DHA and Gulberg only and by personal experience I know that none of the suppliers were aware of the hazards of Shisha smoking, if they were, they were not concerned by it, but everyday they make much profits through their customers. The Governments consideration of Shisha and its hazards have only recently come into play due to the protests by the media and the DHA Shisha ban phenomenon, which happened about 3 years ago. It is suspected that a lot of malpractice takes place during Shisha sessions. It is precisely that reason why Shisha has been banned outright in DHA. A girl expired while smoking Shisha which contained wine instead of water and cocaine instead of flavor in it, the mixture reacted pretty bad or heavy for the girls body. However this did not seem to have a substantial effect on Shisha smokers and Shisha providers. However Shisha cafes remain open in the outskirts of DHA, shifting the consumers to these cafes.   When we talk about Shisha hazards and the cafes who are providing it, we seem to forget about the workers of that place. I aimed to fulfill this gap and obtain their views. One of the workers, Muhammad Arslan who works at mini golf, was interviewed. He says that he and he alone serves up to 70 Shishas everyday. When asked about his health he claimed that he has not observed any change in his health. Another waiter standing nearby responded to this question too, stating that he feels addicted to Shisha smoking. However, my personal reviews about Arslan were that his face was pallid and he seemed very weak by his appearance, like a drug addict, to be more accurate. When asked that why did he preferred serving Shisha and not food, his answer was that he always wanted to do this, he states that by checking and listening to his customers reviews of the Shisha he served, gives him pleasure. Finally we asked him about the safety precautions, the management had to propose to the workers, we received a flat â€Å"nothing† as an answer to this. It is agonizing to see how badly these investors treat their workers, who risk their lives to conduct their tasks although they are not aware of it, who are not being paid adequately and no precautions! The workers may not be aware of the hazards of Shisha; it is their employers responsibility to take notice of their health. Awareness campaigns should be held in order to save these workers. It should be discouraged; the employers ought to take responsibility for their health. If one worker serves up to 70 Shisha on average, this is an outrage that their employers are not even concerned. The government should take notice of this worker exploitation. Once the interview was conducted and analyzed, we shifted towards the suppliers to obtain reviews and their justification of the worker exploitation. We also intend to find whether they are affected by the ban on Shisha in DHA. Since the hovering news of the raid in Jammin Java cafe in Gulberg, many cafes have taken precautions, as the Government seems to take notice on the hazards of Shisha. An example is a notice outside mini golfs Arabian lounge, which said â€Å"Shisha will not be served to underage pupil.† Cafe rock was surveyed as a sample and interviewed its owner, Omer Javed Butt. There was also a sign board on its entrance saying the same statement mentioned above. Starting with the obvious of questions was he aware of the danger posed by Shisha. Yes, he does but according to Mr. Butt there are certain flavors which are dangerous for example, Gutka and its mixture with other flavors. He states that his cafe does not cater any such flavors. He claims that his cafes main purpose is to serve as a restaurant. Their cafe provides Shisha with food only. This is a mean to discourage Shisha, according to him. With this caution they manage to make about RS 300,000 every month, exclusively on Shisha. When asked about what measures have he taken for the workers health, he states that he has simply reduced their working hours compared to other waiters without any increments in their wage or any other fringe benefits. As for the governments consideration on Shisha, it cant be banned outright because cigarette smoking have not been banned, which is a more dangerous addiction. By pointing out the governments lack of authority in banning cigarette smoking, they intend to de-track the government and compensate them for providing Shisha. And since Shisha have been brought into citizens homes, it simply cant be banned, because it would not stop smokers (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 28t). The measures taken by the Punjab Government to decrease the consumption of Shisha is have not resulted into a major threat as their business have not been affected by it(Omer, personal communication). The reason for ban on Shisha in DHA is known to everyone, even our interviewees. It has been a rumor that many people and cafes have been infusing drugs in the contents of Shisha. However it have never been proven, neither have anybody witnessed it. While surveying Arslan was inquired about the rumored drug activity taking place in cafes, he disagrees; drug activities are not conducted publicly but in privacy. Furthermore, such activities cannot take place within a cafes premises as drugs like cocaine can easily be detected (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 21st). The university grapevine tells a different story, it is known by students that malpractice can take place publicly although not anymore, due to the recent police raid in two cafes. The police forced their way in Sheikhoos cafe and cafe life on March, 17, 2011, although illegally as they failed to show a warrant when inquired, but when asked from the policemen, they claim that they were conducting raids under orders of the Lahore CCPO (Pakistan today, 2011). Under such circumstances the cafe owners take precautions so as not to damage their reputation in the market. As one can conclude from the results, it is advisable for the government to take actions but legally and in a subtle manner. Clientele In Pakistan traditionally used â€Å"hookah† is now known as Shisha. Shisha is gaining massive popularity among youth of Lahore, Islamabad and Rawalpindi causing serious health issues to their lives. People addicted to smoking Shisha faces many problems due to its ban. The major concern for the society is the increasing rate of smokers in both male and female. Shisha attracts more customers than cigarettes as it is served with flavours and sweet-smelling substances of Lemon, Strawberry, Orange, Apple, Honey and cherry. Although the ban on the use of Shisha has been selectively imposed by the governments in certain areas but violators are not being prosecuted. Some restaurants are still offering Shisha to the teenagers who are visiting these places in increasing numbers. These youngsters seem to have taken Shisha as a style symbol without knowing its consequences (See Appendix C, Figure 1). Shisha smoking is one of the most recent trends among the youth of Lahore. Cafes offering Shisha are considered to be ‘in and therefore, gain a big â€Å"clientele†. According to a newspaper report, Lahores Defence Housing Authority (DHA) has asked cafes not to serve Shisha as it is injurious to health and also used in the consumption of drugs in most of the cases. Concerned parents feel relaxed after the imposition of ban on Shisha. However, there are still many questions unanswered such as â€Å"Do we have definitive medical evidence suggesting that smoking Shisha is a health hazard? Do cafes need official permission for serving Shisha? Why is it still being allowed to be served in other parts of Lahore?† (â€Å"Lahores bifurcated laws the perils of smoking Shisha in DHA†, 2008). Government and NGOs should work in collaboration to find concrete evidence regarding the harmful effects of Shisha and hence, issue health warnings to youngsters as it was done in case of cigarette smokers. If Shisha is considered to be harmful, it has to be banned all over the city. It makes no sense why the administration outside DHA is not asked to impose a ban on it. (2008) Young people are the primary target of the tobacco industry in Pakistan. In order to create 100 percent smoke-free environment complete ban should be imposed on tobacco advertising. Similarly to discourage its use tobacco taxation should be introduced. As we all know that youth is the backbone of every nation. In order to maximize their profits tobacco industry needs to replace people who quit smoking with new young customers. This can only be done by attracting more individuals from worldwide with potentially divesting health consequences. Some people thing that smoking Shisha is less injurious to health than smoking cigarettes however, they both cause serious diseases such as lung cancer. (Maqbool, 2009). According to Section-8 of the Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-smokers health ordinance, in year 2002 no person was allowed to sell tobacco products to any other person under the age of 18 years as it was against the law. The enforcement of this section of law has remained weak so far. (Maqbool, 2010). The National Bank Park near Kalma Chowk and restaurants around Gaddafi stadium are identified as hubs of Shisha smoking. Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif took action in the Senate and standing Committee on health to stop the trend of Shisha bars in high-class and middle class areas making teenagers especially women addicted. He promised that no new contracts will be issued to Shisha bars in parks to stop unhealthy activities in young generation. (â€Å"25pc people may be diabetic by 2025†, 2010). Another important thing is parents generally do not know that flavored tobacco used in Shisha is as dangerous as cigarettes tobacco. Due to which TCC (Tobacco Control Cell) has printed flyers to distribute them in the educational institute to highlight the dangers of Shisha smoking and the fact that it is against the law to serve Shisha to those who are under 18 years of age. (Maqbool, 2011). According to Muhammad Ahmed Pansota a police team led by the Liberty police SHO raided Restaurants of Danial Arif (Sheikhoos Cafe at MM Alam Road), and Arif Saleem (Cafe Life at Gaddafi Stadium). There were two Shishas held from Arifs restaurant and four from Saleems. The police told them that were not allowed to serve Shishas, though the police had nothing in written. The petitioners added they serve Shisha throughout the province without any opposition from the government officials. The clients were not implicated in any criminal activities rather the police raid was unlawful and meant to blackmail them to close their business. The clients were aware of all the rules and regulation regarding their business. The police raid not only damaged the petitioners reputation but also resulted in great loss Pansota added. The court has been requested to declare this action of police illegal and unlawful. (â€Å"Shisha ban: Police chief summoned over restaurant†, 2011). Habiba Younis points out that Shisha initially emerged as a style icon in â€Å"elite circles† has now covered people from nearly all groups of society. The most prone of these were, of course, young people. For many it was a hobby, a past time with friends, a mean of being advanced with the latest trends or simple leisure puffing just because others are doing it. Moreover, nowadays its usage isnt only confined to Shisha bars but it is also growing roots in educational premises such as