Research on Shisha Smoking Hazards

Research on Shisha Smoking Hazards Abstract This research was conducted to familiarize with the Hazards of Shisha Smoking among the youth of today, since past five years in the metropolitan city of Lahore. Primary and secondary sources were of great use. The information collected revealed that the teenagers are adopting Shisha as a style statement without knowing its health consequences. Cafes serving Shisha are considered to be rapidly increasing and therefore gain a big clientele. Besides being a growing trend it is a source of income to many suppliers. The study also found that smoking Shisha for an hour is as harmful as smoking 100 cigarettes. The need of the hour is to educate the youth regarding the harmful effects of smoking Shisha. Although a complete ban on anything is not possible, government should take steps to grip this growing culture. We have divided our main research topic into 5 different domains. Shisha Smoking and its Hazards Shisha originated in north westerns province of India, in the state of Rajastan and Gujrat. According to Cyril Elgood who does not mention his source, he was in India where Hakim Abdul Fateh Gillani an Iranian physician at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar introduced the idea of Shisha..   Following popularity among noblemen, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the Indian aristocracy and gentry. Although Hooka has been prevalent in rural areas of Pakistan, it only recently entered in the urban areas in a substitute form of hookah which is known as Shisha. Shisha became very popular amongst youth when it was first introduces, gradually it founds it way to peoples houses, parties, functions and events. Cafes and restaurants have gathered a lot of acknowledgement by adding Shisha in variety of flavours in their menu card. By seeing this acknowledgement almost all cafes are serving Shisha in Lahore. There are many problem been faced due to Shisha as it is a demerit good. Although some studies says that Shisha smoking is safer than tobacco cigarette smoking but medical professionals says that all kinds on smoking is bad for health, therefore Shisha stands at same level as is the cigarette regarding health issues. Each Shisha session typically lasts for more than 40 minutes, and consists of 40 to 150 drags that each consists of 0.15 to 0.50 litres of smoke. Hour long Shisha smoking is equivalent to 100-200 cigarettes; in a 45-minute smoking session a typical smoker would inhale 1.7 times the nicotine of a single cigarette. The water in Shisha use to filter diseases is not that efficient to remove all kinds of diseases. . People are suffering certain diseases as they had been a regular consumer of Shisha. Therefore Health issue is the main issue of Shisha consumption. A research department on Shisha smoking and cancer in Pakistan was published in 2008. Our scope of this research on Shisha is for last five years within geographical boundaries of Lahore. Our primary question for research is the hazards of Shisha. This we answered by acquiring knowledge of Shishas four domains significance of Shisha, health issues regarding the usage of Shisha, cafes serving Shisha and problems faced by Shisha victims due to its ban. Literature Review The objective of this paper is to study and highlight the social, behavioral, and health related aspects as well as its externalities with regard to water-pipe smoking among adolescents in Lahore since last 5 years and also to create awareness among the youth. Water pipe, also known as Shisha, â€Å"Hubble Bubble†, â€Å"Narghile†, â€Å"Ghoza† and â€Å"Hookah†, has been in practice for the last 400 years. The reasons accredited to this trend are various misconceptions, that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health. Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modernization of our cultural heritage. (Anjum et al, 2007) The extent to which water pipe smoking has penetrated our society is difficult to establish since very little work has been done on it. A recent survey conducted in high socio-economic schools of Karachi reported that Shisha is gaining popularity among the young generation and it is easily available in the restaurants, hotels and Shisha cafes. This survey estimated that almost 70% children have experienced this form of tobacco, as young as seven years old. Its smoke also contains hundreds of potentially dangerous substances including carbon monoxide, charcoal, nicotine, arsenic, cobalt, chromium and lead causing disorders including lung and bladder cancers, impaired pulmonary functions, coronary heart disease, infertility, tobacco dependence and so on. (Anjum et al, 2008) Some research carried out in the UK last year showed that the people who regularly smoke `Shisha` may suffer from disastrous levels of carbon monoxide (CO) resembling to that of inhaling a car exhaust. In addition, water pipe smokers might absorb higher concentrations of these toxic substances because of higher concentrations in the smoke itself, or because they may smoke for several hours at a time and may inhale the moisturised, less irritating smoke more deeply. An hour-long `Shisha` session involves inhaling 100 to 200 times the amount of volume of smoke inhaled when smoking a cigarette. This menace of Shisha Smoking is fast spreading among school and college going students. According to a research, more than 1000 Pakistani children of ages between of 6-16 years take up smoking every day. Although the Anti-Smoking Ordinance 2002, clearly prohibits storage, sale and distribution of tobacco products near educational institutions, yet some leading universities, schools and colleges in Lahore allow Shisha Smoking on social events. Besides this a number of posters posted on walls and bookshops carry attractive offers for Shisha smokers. This is primarily meant to motivate the youth studying in nearby institutions towards Shisha smoking. In fact, every day new Shisha cafes are opening up in the country because of its increasing demand by the younger generation which is further pushing the youth towards the use of this menace. Smoking is also prohibited at all public places, including hotels and restaurants. Yet, it is being served in different cafes and restaurants of the vicinity. It is indeed sad that by allowing cigarette and `Shisha` smoking in these closed premises, the anti-smoking laws of the country are being disobeyed by almost all hotels and restaurants in the country. (Dr Javed Khan, 2010) The reasons for this rising trend are certain misconceptions that water pipe smoking is not hazardous to health, since the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; nicotine content is less than that of cigarettes and addition of fruit flavours make it healthier. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Another factor adding to its popularity is its social acceptability as compared to cigarettes and its portrayal is a symbol of modern lifestyle. Our research has shown that increasing consumption of Shisha smoking among the young generation is likely to become a serious public health issue of Pakistan in a very near future. Research has shown that people who consume Shisha are likely to become regular cigarette smokers and are also pushed towards other drugs indirectly. Lack of knowledge is the main problem due to which treatment induced is ineffective to make people quit water-pipe smoking. The space between knowledge and treatment can be filled by the efforts made by the research authorities. People should be aware of the health threats so the new trend of tobacco smoking causing diseases, addiction and death can be prevented. Our health authorities must take notice of the current situation and put a complete ban on serving `Shisha` at any hotel or restaurant in the country. The electronic and print media must warn the public, particularly the youth, on the serious potential health hazards associated with `Shisha` smoking. (Dr. Javed Khan, 2010) Research Questions Primary research question Hazards of Shisha Smoking among youngsters in Lahore, DHA and Gulberg since last past five years. Subsidiary questions 1. Do you smoke Shisha? This question was generated to know whether the respondent is a smoker or a non smoker. If someone smokes a Shisha, then what the reason actually was, being peer pressure, surroundings or status symbol. If he doesnt, then what is the reason behind it? 2. Do you think Shisha is harmful for health? This question was generated to find out the general opinion of the public about the health hazards of Shisha. 3. Has Shisha become an addiction for you? This question was asked to find out if quitting Shisha smoking is possible for the respondents. It also enquires to what extent is the respondent dependent on the Shisha availability. 4. In your opinion, what is more harmful for health? Cigarette or Shisha? This question inquires the respondents about the misconception of Shisha being less harmful than a cigarette. It is designed to find out how deep is this misconception enrooted in their minds. Methodology Data collection tools consist of a questionnaire and 4 interviews. A sample of 30 pupils was taken, consisting of Shisha smokers and non-Shisha smokers, to fill the questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed using simple random sampling and snowball sampling. 10 questionnaires were filled in the university and the remaining questionnaires were distributed to random pupils in cafes. Once the data was collected, it was analyzed by the help of Statgraphic. Interviews were conducted from four people, a doctor, and a consumer of Shisha, a supplier and a worker in cafe. The workers and consumers interview was held on 20th March 2011 at Mini golf. The suppliers interview was conducted on 28th March 2011 at Cafe Rock, while the doctors interview was carried out (March, 3, 2011). Analyses of questionnaire and interviews have been included in the discussion. Analysis of Data and Discussion Social Significance Shisha in Pakistan was introduced in the cafe â€Å"mini golf† in the liveliest city of this country Lahore in 2000. As years passed away Shisha has become one of the most significant product of get togethers. Shah Sharabeel the owner of mini golf received huge amount of revenue and acknowledgment by the serving of Shisha which attracted other businessmen got an idea to promote their cafes by providing Shisha in their cafes. Now there are more than 200 cafes serving Shisha in the city Lahore this is my own observation. It has become so significant that even in the hotels like â€Å"Pearl Continental Hotel† also serve Shisha†. Shisha significance has increased dramatically it is not only served in elite areas like Gulberg but also in lower class areas like Anarkali. It was really surprising for me as a consumer of Shisha when I was attending a wedding ceremony where I was served a Shisha, this was the very moment when I myself gave a thought that Shisha is becoming a part of Lahores culture. The serving of Shisha in wedding ceremonies is becoming so common nowadays, I myself have attended five wedding ceremonies in which Shisha had been served. Nowadays majority of youngsters have Shisha at their homes this shows that Shisha is now socially accepted as a part of our culture. In the questionnaire I proposed a question in which I asked about their parents strict check on Shisha smoking habit majority reply was no. This shows that people do not consider Shisha as a demerit good as is a cigarette. One of the main reasons for a drastic increase in Shisha consumption is that people have a false assumption that Shisha is environmental friendly and is less harmful than cigarette whereas in a research it has been proven that Shisha is far more dangerous for ones health as compare to cigarette. (See Appendix C, Figure 4). I come to about this false assumption by interviewing a regular consumer of Shisha. While interviewing there was a question raised that why is Shisha becoming so common among youngsters like you? In reply a consumer said that Shisha is becoming a trend among youngsters, people have an incentive to hang out which is to have Shisha. Shisha in short time period had turned out to be a style icon, Shishas consumers covered people from almost all groups of society. The young people are at top of the list in Shishas fan club. The attempts of the Punjab Government to check this fast growing culture had raised many questions and the most important is that when cigarette and other drugs are not been checked by the government then why the ban on Shisha? In reply its simple that Shisha is socially accepted. When people dont get back from trying cigarettes and other drugs then this Shisha a tasty fruitful sweet flavoured smoking system should not be refraining by people. There are many reasons for smoking Shisha some says that it is a hobby, it is the best pastime with friends, a way of keeping up-to-date with newest trends or just puffing as others do it. Shisha consumption is not limited to Shisha bars only but it is spreading its roots in education premises as well, â€Å"With the hovering news of Punjab Governments consideration for an altogether complete ban on Shisha, many willing investors feel discouraged to step in the previously blooming Shisha business. Of course a 100 percent ban on anything cannot be deemed possible but even a few effective measures here by the government can lead to a relatively large potential drop in the Shisha market.†(Younis, 2011) Shisha has become so common in Pakistan that nearly all cafes, restaurants and eateries offer Shisha in variety of flavours. â€Å"Our young generation today are attracted to Shisha, as it comes in a variety of flavours and is popular as a group activity†. Many Shisha consumers have faith in this false statement that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes but the reality is quiet different Shisha is far more different than cigarettes. By smoking Shisha one inhales more carbon monoxide as compare to inhaling of cigarettes, which cause heart diseases, respiratory problems and many more similar to cigarettes diseases.† According to a study conducted in Saudi Arabia, where Shisha is very popular, Shisha is just as, if not more, harmful than normal cigarettes. Headaches, blurred vision, palpitations and dizziness are just some of the symptoms reported by Shisha smokers as well as cigarette smokers.†(Mugani, 2009). Government of Pakistan should implement laws against Shisha smoking in public places, as this kinds of laws have been implementing in many countries all over the world. Whereas if someone wants to smoke he/she should does it at his/her home. Government should create awareness especially among young generation by setting awareness programme conducted in educational institutions to educate people about the hazards of Shisha smoking. (Mugani,2009) Shisha smoking for one hour is equal to 100 cigarettes smoking, Shisha addiction has increased in the form of fashion.† Pakistan Chest Society Sindhs General Secretary Dr Mushataque Ahmed Memon informed that a recent research has revealed that smoking Shisha is 10 times more injurious as compared to cigarette while smoking Shisha for an hour is equivalent to smoking 100 cigarettes, adding that the impacts of cigarette smoking are not hidden from anyone.† (Hanif, 2011) General Secretary said that Shisha smoking causes lung cancer. Causes respiratory problems and asthma. In addition it also causes mental health problems. He said that because of non-implication of laws to ban shiha, Shisha has become a vital problem young generations health, this issue has kept un noticed but it should be considered one of the main problems. â€Å"Pakistan Medical Associations President Prof Dr Idrees Edhi said that Shisha is becoming common since families do not consider it bad. He said especially the youth adopt Shisha smoking as a trend which eventually leads to addiction.†(Hanif, 2011) He said that everyone is aware of the hazards of cigarettes but no one is aware of the hazards of Shisha. Every cafe and restaurants serve Shisha where every student whether a boy or a girl both enjoy the taste and smoke of Shisha without noticing its hazards.   He pointed out certain misconceptions which are the reasons behind this rising trend he said people think that Shisha is environmental friendly due to baseless reasons including that the tobacco is filtered through water before inhalation; less nicotine content than that of a cigarette and healthier smoking due to the addition of fruit flavours but these all are misunderstandings.† Dr Javaid Khan told that he conducted a survey in four universities which revealed that 43 percent male and 11 percent female students were the addicts of Shisha while 60 percent males and 18 percent females had consumed Shisha once in their lives.† (Hanif, 2011). Shisha has become a major part of majority of the youngsters as I carried out a survey in which I asked the quantity of consumption of Shisha on average, majority reply was once daily. Shisha has become more of a trend and a way to keep one up to date. It has become a mean of get together. People even consider it as a best pastime. This really shows its significance. Government carry out surveys, research and passing laws against Shisha shows that Shisha is becoming Pakistanis culture its significance is increasing day by day. Nowadays it is becoming a major part of any festival   whether it is basant, jash-ne- bahara, wedding ceremony, birthday party or any private party. Shisha is available almost everywhere as a cigarette is available. People prefer Shisha over cigarettes as they follow their false assumption that Shisha is less harmful than cigarettes. This all major points show that Shisha is affecting our nation by all means. (Hanif, 2011). Shisha Cafes In its most common meaning a cafe is a place to eat, a restaurant as we may call it, but when we talk about a cafe in Lahore, Pakistan there is a difference in its meaning than a restaurant. A cafe in Lahore has one distinctive feature than restaurants, which is, it is also a Shisha corner.   Shisha has become a lot popular since it was first introduced, around 10 years ago. The first place where it was served is National Park, more commonly known as Mini Golf. One of its owners is the most popular of personalities of Lahore, Shah Sharabeel. Ali Shisha wala isthe sole manufacturer of a certain design of Shisha. As Shisha increased in demand, investors set in to meet this demand. Places like Defense Housing Authority (DHA) and Gulberg were filled with such cafes. As competition set in, Mini golf managed to hold three open bars for Shisha serving which attracted quite a lot of teenagers, they offered, and still do, different discount cards to attract customers, mainly targeting teenagers, portraying Shisha as the new ‘hip product. Hazards of Shisha were not much of a concern then. It was only until recently that the hazards of Shisha have become a major concern. As Javed(2010) claims in an article, that Shisha has indeed become an addiction, which is widespread in the 16-25 years age group which consisted of 70 percent males and 30 percent female Shisha smokers. According to our research, most of the Shisha smokers are unaware of the threats posed by it and those who are aware of the hazards do not seem to understand the seriousness of it, like many cigarette smokers. The contents of Shisha mostly carry prohibited and addictive substances. One of the dangers is that Shisha may result into low fertility rates among girls. There may be about 30 cafes in DHA and Gulberg only and by personal experience I know that none of the suppliers were aware of the hazards of Shisha smoking, if they were, they were not concerned by it, but everyday they make much profits through their customers. The Governments consideration of Shisha and its hazards have only recently come into play due to the protests by the media and the DHA Shisha ban phenomenon, which happened about 3 years ago. It is suspected that a lot of malpractice takes place during Shisha sessions. It is precisely that reason why Shisha has been banned outright in DHA. A girl expired while smoking Shisha which contained wine instead of water and cocaine instead of flavor in it, the mixture reacted pretty bad or heavy for the girls body. However this did not seem to have a substantial effect on Shisha smokers and Shisha providers. However Shisha cafes remain open in the outskirts of DHA, shifting the consumers to these cafes.   When we talk about Shisha hazards and the cafes who are providing it, we seem to forget about the workers of that place. I aimed to fulfill this gap and obtain their views. One of the workers, Muhammad Arslan who works at mini golf, was interviewed. He says that he and he alone serves up to 70 Shishas everyday. When asked about his health he claimed that he has not observed any change in his health. Another waiter standing nearby responded to this question too, stating that he feels addicted to Shisha smoking. However, my personal reviews about Arslan were that his face was pallid and he seemed very weak by his appearance, like a drug addict, to be more accurate. When asked that why did he preferred serving Shisha and not food, his answer was that he always wanted to do this, he states that by checking and listening to his customers reviews of the Shisha he served, gives him pleasure. Finally we asked him about the safety precautions, the management had to propose to the workers, we received a flat â€Å"nothing† as an answer to this. It is agonizing to see how badly these investors treat their workers, who risk their lives to conduct their tasks although they are not aware of it, who are not being paid adequately and no precautions! The workers may not be aware of the hazards of Shisha; it is their employers responsibility to take notice of their health. Awareness campaigns should be held in order to save these workers. It should be discouraged; the employers ought to take responsibility for their health. If one worker serves up to 70 Shisha on average, this is an outrage that their employers are not even concerned. The government should take notice of this worker exploitation. Once the interview was conducted and analyzed, we shifted towards the suppliers to obtain reviews and their justification of the worker exploitation. We also intend to find whether they are affected by the ban on Shisha in DHA. Since the hovering news of the raid in Jammin Java cafe in Gulberg, many cafes have taken precautions, as the Government seems to take notice on the hazards of Shisha. An example is a notice outside mini golfs Arabian lounge, which said â€Å"Shisha will not be served to underage pupil.† Cafe rock was surveyed as a sample and interviewed its owner, Omer Javed Butt. There was also a sign board on its entrance saying the same statement mentioned above. Starting with the obvious of questions was he aware of the danger posed by Shisha. Yes, he does but according to Mr. Butt there are certain flavors which are dangerous for example, Gutka and its mixture with other flavors. He states that his cafe does not cater any such flavors. He claims that his cafes main purpose is to serve as a restaurant. Their cafe provides Shisha with food only. This is a mean to discourage Shisha, according to him. With this caution they manage to make about RS 300,000 every month, exclusively on Shisha. When asked about what measures have he taken for the workers health, he states that he has simply reduced their working hours compared to other waiters without any increments in their wage or any other fringe benefits. As for the governments consideration on Shisha, it cant be banned outright because cigarette smoking have not been banned, which is a more dangerous addiction. By pointing out the governments lack of authority in banning cigarette smoking, they intend to de-track the government and compensate them for providing Shisha. And since Shisha have been brought into citizens homes, it simply cant be banned, because it would not stop smokers (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 28t). The measures taken by the Punjab Government to decrease the consumption of Shisha is have not resulted into a major threat as their business have not been affected by it(Omer, personal communication). The reason for ban on Shisha in DHA is known to everyone, even our interviewees. It has been a rumor that many people and cafes have been infusing drugs in the contents of Shisha. However it have never been proven, neither have anybody witnessed it. While surveying Arslan was inquired about the rumored drug activity taking place in cafes, he disagrees; drug activities are not conducted publicly but in privacy. Furthermore, such activities cannot take place within a cafes premises as drugs like cocaine can easily be detected (Omer, personal communication, 2011, March 21st). The university grapevine tells a different story, it is known by students that malpractice can take place publicly although not anymore, due to the recent police raid in two cafes. The police forced their way in Sheikhoos cafe and cafe life on March, 17, 2011, although illegally as they failed to show a warrant when inquired, but when asked from the policemen, they claim that they were conducting raids under orders of the Lahore CCPO (Pakistan today, 2011). Under such circumstances the cafe owners take precautions so as not to damage their reputation in the market. As one can conclude from the results, it is advisable for the government to take actions but legally and in a subtle manner. Clientele In Pakistan traditionally used â€Å"hookah† is now known as Shisha. Shisha is gaining massive popularity among youth of Lahore, Islamabad and Rawalpindi causing serious health issues to their lives. People addicted to smoking Shisha faces many problems due to its ban. The major concern for the society is the increasing rate of smokers in both male and female. Shisha attracts more customers than cigarettes as it is served with flavours and sweet-smelling substances of Lemon, Strawberry, Orange, Apple, Honey and cherry. Although the ban on the use of Shisha has been selectively imposed by the governments in certain areas but violators are not being prosecuted. Some restaurants are still offering Shisha to the teenagers who are visiting these places in increasing numbers. These youngsters seem to have taken Shisha as a style symbol without knowing its consequences (See Appendix C, Figure 1). Shisha smoking is one of the most recent trends among the youth of Lahore. Cafes offering Shisha are considered to be ‘in and therefore, gain a big â€Å"clientele†. According to a newspaper report, Lahores Defence Housing Authority (DHA) has asked cafes not to serve Shisha as it is injurious to health and also used in the consumption of drugs in most of the cases. Concerned parents feel relaxed after the imposition of ban on Shisha. However, there are still many questions unanswered such as â€Å"Do we have definitive medical evidence suggesting that smoking Shisha is a health hazard? Do cafes need official permission for serving Shisha? Why is it still being allowed to be served in other parts of Lahore?† (â€Å"Lahores bifurcated laws the perils of smoking Shisha in DHA†, 2008). Government and NGOs should work in collaboration to find concrete evidence regarding the harmful effects of Shisha and hence, issue health warnings to youngsters as it was done in case of cigarette smokers. If Shisha is considered to be harmful, it has to be banned all over the city. It makes no sense why the administration outside DHA is not asked to impose a ban on it. (2008) Young people are the primary target of the tobacco industry in Pakistan. In order to create 100 percent smoke-free environment complete ban should be imposed on tobacco advertising. Similarly to discourage its use tobacco taxation should be introduced. As we all know that youth is the backbone of every nation. In order to maximize their profits tobacco industry needs to replace people who quit smoking with new young customers. This can only be done by attracting more individuals from worldwide with potentially divesting health consequences. Some people thing that smoking Shisha is less injurious to health than smoking cigarettes however, they both cause serious diseases such as lung cancer. (Maqbool, 2009). According to Section-8 of the Prohibition of Smoking and Protection of Non-smokers health ordinance, in year 2002 no person was allowed to sell tobacco products to any other person under the age of 18 years as it was against the law. The enforcement of this section of law has remained weak so far. (Maqbool, 2010). The National Bank Park near Kalma Chowk and restaurants around Gaddafi stadium are identified as hubs of Shisha smoking. Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif took action in the Senate and standing Committee on health to stop the trend of Shisha bars in high-class and middle class areas making teenagers especially women addicted. He promised that no new contracts will be issued to Shisha bars in parks to stop unhealthy activities in young generation. (â€Å"25pc people may be diabetic by 2025†, 2010). Another important thing is parents generally do not know that flavored tobacco used in Shisha is as dangerous as cigarettes tobacco. Due to which TCC (Tobacco Control Cell) has printed flyers to distribute them in the educational institute to highlight the dangers of Shisha smoking and the fact that it is against the law to serve Shisha to those who are under 18 years of age. (Maqbool, 2011). According to Muhammad Ahmed Pansota a police team led by the Liberty police SHO raided Restaurants of Danial Arif (Sheikhoos Cafe at MM Alam Road), and Arif Saleem (Cafe Life at Gaddafi Stadium). There were two Shishas held from Arifs restaurant and four from Saleems. The police told them that were not allowed to serve Shishas, though the police had nothing in written. The petitioners added they serve Shisha throughout the province without any opposition from the government officials. The clients were not implicated in any criminal activities rather the police raid was unlawful and meant to blackmail them to close their business. The clients were aware of all the rules and regulation regarding their business. The police raid not only damaged the petitioners reputation but also resulted in great loss Pansota added. The court has been requested to declare this action of police illegal and unlawful. (â€Å"Shisha ban: Police chief summoned over restaurant†, 2011). Habiba Younis points out that Shisha initially emerged as a style icon in â€Å"elite circles† has now covered people from nearly all groups of society. The most prone of these were, of course, young people. For many it was a hobby, a past time with friends, a mean of being advanced with the latest trends or simple leisure puffing just because others are doing it. Moreover, nowadays its usage isnt only confined to Shisha bars but it is also growing roots in educational premises such as

Dantes Divine Comedy - Symbolism in the Punishment of Sin in The Infer

The Symbolism in the Punishment of Sin in Dante's Inferno  Ã‚      Inferno, the first part of Divina Commedia, or the Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri, is the story of a man's journey through Hell and the observance of punishments incurred as a result of the committance of sin. In all cases the severity of the punishment, and the punishment itself, has a direct correlation to the sin committed. The punishments are fitting in that they are symbolic of the actual sin; in other words, "They got what they wanted." (Literature of the Western World, p.1409) According to Dante, Hell has two divisions: Upper Hell, devoted to those who perpetrated sins of incontinence, and Lower Hell, devoted to those who perpetrated sins of malice. The divisions of Hell are likewise split into levels corresponding to sin. Each of the levels and the divisions within levels 7,8, and 9 have an analogous historical or mythological figure used to illustrate and exemplify the sin. The first of the two divisions of Hell is Upper Hell. Upper Hell is the area habitated by those committing sins of incontinence or lack of self-restraint. This lack of self-restraint could be in the form of anything from sex to mood. Before delving into the sins of incontinence, one must first look into the first inconsistency of the Inferno. This inconsistency is found in the Vestibule of Hell. The Vestibule of Hell contains the trimmers and the neutrals. Although almost all other sins mentioned in the Inferno are of an ethical, universal standpoint, the ones mentioned here are sins only from the Christian point of view. These neutrals are the people who either showed no partisanship or did not take sides. Lines 37-39 and 46-50 read: They are joined with that choir... ...ion. Dante cites now-historical and mythological figures to exemplify the sins and to make for the better understanding of sin to even the most inept of readers. This work stands alongside The Bible as one of the greatest religious-literary masterpieces of all time.    Works Cited Literature of the Western World, Volume 2. 4th edition by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997. Works Consulted Niven, Larry and Pournelle, Jerry. Inferno. New York: Pocket Books,1976. MacAllister, Archibald T. Introduction. Inferno. By Dante. New York: Mentor, 1954. Pinsky, Robert. The Inferno of Dante. New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Shippey, T.A. "Into Hell and Out Again". Times Literary Supplement, 8 July 1977, .820. Spinrad, Norman. Introduction to Inferno, by Niven and Pournelle. Boston: Gregg Press, 1979. Dante's Divine Comedy - Symbolism in the Punishment of Sin in The Infer The Symbolism in the Punishment of Sin in Dante's Inferno  Ã‚      Inferno, the first part of Divina Commedia, or the Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri, is the story of a man's journey through Hell and the observance of punishments incurred as a result of the committance of sin. In all cases the severity of the punishment, and the punishment itself, has a direct correlation to the sin committed. The punishments are fitting in that they are symbolic of the actual sin; in other words, "They got what they wanted." (Literature of the Western World, p.1409) According to Dante, Hell has two divisions: Upper Hell, devoted to those who perpetrated sins of incontinence, and Lower Hell, devoted to those who perpetrated sins of malice. The divisions of Hell are likewise split into levels corresponding to sin. Each of the levels and the divisions within levels 7,8, and 9 have an analogous historical or mythological figure used to illustrate and exemplify the sin. The first of the two divisions of Hell is Upper Hell. Upper Hell is the area habitated by those committing sins of incontinence or lack of self-restraint. This lack of self-restraint could be in the form of anything from sex to mood. Before delving into the sins of incontinence, one must first look into the first inconsistency of the Inferno. This inconsistency is found in the Vestibule of Hell. The Vestibule of Hell contains the trimmers and the neutrals. Although almost all other sins mentioned in the Inferno are of an ethical, universal standpoint, the ones mentioned here are sins only from the Christian point of view. These neutrals are the people who either showed no partisanship or did not take sides. Lines 37-39 and 46-50 read: They are joined with that choir... ...ion. Dante cites now-historical and mythological figures to exemplify the sins and to make for the better understanding of sin to even the most inept of readers. This work stands alongside The Bible as one of the greatest religious-literary masterpieces of all time.    Works Cited Literature of the Western World, Volume 2. 4th edition by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997. Works Consulted Niven, Larry and Pournelle, Jerry. Inferno. New York: Pocket Books,1976. MacAllister, Archibald T. Introduction. Inferno. By Dante. New York: Mentor, 1954. Pinsky, Robert. The Inferno of Dante. New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Shippey, T.A. "Into Hell and Out Again". Times Literary Supplement, 8 July 1977, .820. Spinrad, Norman. Introduction to Inferno, by Niven and Pournelle. Boston: Gregg Press, 1979.

Dove: Evolution of a Brand

Dove should employ a strategy that takes full advantage of building an emotional connection with its target customers. Dove’s target customers are women. Women are 50% of the world’s population, and they are the key decision-makers for soap purchases in most households. Dove has already made clear that its target is women through it Campaign for Real Beauty. Dove needs to expand on its brand image through use of the internet, including social media. Dove needs to continue to differentiate itself from competitors. Dove is not just a soap, not just a moisturizer, not just a set of products.Dove has a very important socio-political constituency it seeks to represent as a brand. That constituency is all people, especially women, who want to change the standard image of beauty portrayed in the media and develop a new and far more diverse standard. Dover isn’t about making women feel more beautiful; Dove is about making more women feel beautiful. It positions itself as the brand that celebrates women and their diversity of beauty while helping them achieve their personal ideal of self-beauty through use of its high quality products. Dove needs to continue with its bold strategy which goes completely against the grain.The strategy of portraying the messages/point of view of the consumers as opposed to the message of the brand/company. Allow the brand to become what the target consumer says it is. In other words, allow the brand to represent the unified voice of women as much as possible around the idea of beauty. This bold strategy brought Dove a lot of attention worldwide and kept it in the media, including heavy attention on the worldwide web. Regarding the internet, it is thanks to the internet that Dove’s brand image and message(s) can spread like wildfire very rapidly around the globe.The internet presents an amazing opportunity for brand managers to promote their brand to their target consumers almost instantaneously through a number of different media formats and outlets. And, it allows the customer to interact with the brand in ways that did not exist before the internet. This customer interaction is very key to Dove’s ongoing brand strategy†¦when people feel involved, they develop a greater sense of ownership of or commitment to a brand. The brand identity can really begin to represent personal identity. And, I think that is what Dove wants.Dove wants women to see Dove products as part of their personal identity because they are proud to use Dove products due to its brand identity standing for what they personally stand for. Brand strategy is the how, what, when, and to whom you plan on communicating your product or service. Having a clear and concise brand strategy leads to stronger overall brand equity — how people feel about or perceive your product, and how much they are willing to pay for it. A company or product’s brand is what customers perceive about the company/product.And, the brand message needs to be consistent whether it is sent out through traditional media or over the internet. As a tactic using the internet, Dove can use the power of audiovisual imagery to paint Dove’s brand image and share it with millions of people instantly. YouTube, Google Video, Facebook, etc are all powerful tools where people consume media, comment on it and share it. Dove should use its consumers in its videos†¦ ordinary women. And, it should use compelling stories and messages to support its brand message of Real Beauty.And, it should encourage â€Å"word-of-mouth† spreading of these images and message. In other words, Dove can tap into the power of viral marketing to boost its brand awareness and solidify its consistent brand image. Its basic message is that 1) Dove products are high quality beauty care products for women who are all beautiful in their own way, 2) Dove products supports all women in realizing and achieving their ideal personal image of beauty, 3) Dove rejects the current singular standard of beauty portrayed in mass media as too narrow and destructive to women as a whole.Dove should have contests as well as rewards for its loyal customers who engage with the brand through social media and on official Dove websites. Everyone likes gratitude. And, companies should show gratitude towards their supporters. This will lead to greater brand loyalty. And, the online involvement can be so effectively but inoffensively intrusive into customer’s lives. For example, Lay’s Potato Chips ran an incredible contest over Facebook for customers who were challenged to create the next Lay’s flavor.It was a huge success by all accounts. Everyone I knew had heard of the contest and had participated by submitting ideas or sampling the top 3 flavors once they arrived in stores. The winner received $1million. The idea and execution were brilliant. And, Facebook was the platform. Dove can do this sort of thing as wel l or Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, etc. I believe video contests would be most effective for Dove because of the power of that medium to share the voice and image of women in their natural state.Dove can also even engage celebrities in this effort to boost the attention and appeal†¦ celebrity women in their natural state without airbrushing and heavy makeup. Dove already has positioned itself very well to differentiate itself from its competitors and to target a large key customer segment. It now needs to take advantage of that position and further engage the emotional connections of its customers to build great brand loyalty.

The Roosevelt Administration Prioritizing Domestic Over...

The Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration: Prioritizing Domestic over Foreign Policy Juna Kalo Charles Kraus HIST 2340W November 5, 2014 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, was elected into office in 1932, a time of economic recession as a result of the New York stock market crash of 1929. During his vice presidential campaign, FDR had run on a platform that endorsed the League of Nations. However as a newly inaugurated President Roosevelt had to face the nation’s rampant unemployment and poverty rates that guided him towards a detached foreign policy approach. Following an anti-interventionist policy proved beneficial for the United States as Roosevelt prioritized domestic economic recovery and reform and political stability, rather than totalitarianism and aggression containment in Europe and Asia from 1931-1941. The key issue with the terms â€Å"isolationism† and â€Å"anti-interventionism† is the implication of each word. â€Å"Isolationism† refers to non- involvement in war overseas and lack of participation in â€Å"entangling alliances† of coll ective security, just as mentioned by Jefferson centuries ago. There is a negative connotation associated with the word â€Å"isolationism†, because it can be interpreted as indifference, naivetà ©, and dictatorial appeasement. On the other hand, â€Å"anti-interventionism† is regarded as neutral and nationalistic (Doenecke 4), and FDR was very determined towards the implementation of anti-interventionistShow MoreRelatedWorld War I And The United States2440 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant and lasting shift in the United State’s perception of its role in the world. Technological advancement in travel and communication changed the American people’s views of the world, therefore changing the direction of American foreign policy. This shift in foreign policy would eventually lead the United States into the grips of two horrific wars on the European continent. However, these wars would provide the necessary environment for the country to establish itself as the leader of the internationalRead MoreA New World Order For The United States2321 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant and lasting shift in the United State’s perception of its role in the world. Technological advancement in travel and communication changed the American people’s views of the world, therefore changing the direction of American foreign policy. This shift in foreign policy would eventually lead the United States into the grips of two horrific wars on the European continent. However, these wars would provide the necessary environment for the country to establish itself as the leader of the internationalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesas new research highlights that continue to promote practical application of project management. Overall the text addresses the major questions and issues the authors have encountered over their 60 combined years of teaching project management and consulting with practicing project managers in domestic and f oreign environments. The following questions represent the issues and problems practicing project managers find consuming most of their effort: What is the strategic role of projects in contemporaryRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesHealth System Needs TITLE III—PREVENTION AND WELLNESS TITLE IV—QUALITY AND SURVEILLANCE TITLE V—OTHER PROVISIONS Subtitle A—Drug Discount for Rural and Other Hospitals; 340B Program Integrity Subtitle B—Programs Subtitle C—Food and Drug Administration Subtitle D—Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Subtitle E—Miscellaneous DIVISION D—INDIAN HEALTH CARE IMPROVEMENT TITLE I—AMENDMENTS TO INDIAN LAWS TITLE II—IMPROVEMENT OF INDIAN HEALTH CARE PROVIDED UNDER THE SOCIAL SECURITYRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages120 Eliminating Time Stressors Through Time Management 121 Eliminating Encounter Stressors Through Collaboration and Emotional Intelligence 128 Eliminating Situational Stressors Through Work Redesign 130 Eliminating Anticipatory Stressors Through Prioritizing, Goal Setting, and Small Wins 132 Developing Resiliency 134 Physiological Resiliency 136 Psychological Resiliency 139 Social Resiliency 143 Temporary Stress-Reduction Techniques 144 SKILL ANALYSIS 147 Cases Involving Stress Management 147 The TurnRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTeams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational

Wuthering Heights Quotes

Wuthering Heights is a famous work of Gothic fiction by Emily Brontà «. It is a tale of all-consuming romantic passion. Here are a few key quotes from Wuthering Heights. Quotes The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, Let me in—let me in! Who are you? I asked, struggling, meanwhile, to disengage myself. Catherine Linton, it replied, shiveringly (why did I think of LINTON? I had read EARNSHAW twenty times for Linton) - Im come home: Id lost my way on the moor! As it spoke, I discerned, obscurely, a childs face looking through the window.(Nelly and Catherine, Ch. 3) Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till the blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes.(Nelly, Ch. 3) I cannot love thee; thou rt worse than thy brother. Go, say thy prayers, child, and ask Gods pardon. I doubt thy mother and I must rue that we ever reared thee!(Mr. Earnshaw, Ch. 5) Im trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I dont care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do!(Heathcliff, Ch. 7) They DO live more in earnest, more in themselves, and less in surface, change, and frivolous external things. I could fancy a love for life here almost possible; and I was a fixed unbeliever in any love of a years standing.(Nelly, Ch. 8) ...he had ceased to express his fondness for her in words, and recoiled with angry suspicion from her girlish caresses, as if conscious there could be no gratification in lavishing such marks of affection on him.(Nelly, Ch. 8) Doubtless Catherine marked the difference between her friends, as one came in and the other went out. The contrast resembled what you see in exchanging a bleak, hilly, coal country for a beautiful fertile valley; and his voice and greeting were as opposite as his aspect.(Nelly, Ch. 8) It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him: and that, not because hes handsome, Nelly, but because hes more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Lintons is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.(Catherine, Ch. 9) If all else perished, and HE remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else remained, and he were annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it.(Catherine, Ch. 9) Nelly, I am Heathcliff! Hes always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being.(Catherine, Ch. 9) I seek no revenge on you...Thats not the plan. The tyrant grinds down his slaves and they dont turn against him; they crush those beneath them. You are welcome to torture me to death for your amusement, only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style, and refrain from insult as much as you are able. Having levelled my palace, dont erect a hovel and complacently admire your own charity in giving me that for a home. If I imagined you really wished me to marry Isabel, Id cut my throat!(Heathcliff, Ch. 11) Well, if I cannot keep Heathcliff for my friend if Edgar will be mean and jealous, Ill try to break their hearts by breaking my own. That will be a prompt way of finishing all, when I am pushed to extremity!(Mrs. Linton, Ch. 11) It is not in him to be loved like me: how can she love in him what he has not?(Heathcliffe, Ch. 14) THAT is how Im loved! Well, never mind. That is not MY Heathcliff. I shall love mine yet; and take him with me: hes in my soul.(Mrs. Linton, Ch. 15) Kiss me again; and dont let me see your eyes! I forgive what you have done to me. I love MY murderer but YOURS! How can I?(Heathcliffe, Ch. 15) And I pray one prayer—I repeat it till my tongue stiffens—Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living; you said I killed you—haunt me, then! The murdered DO haunt their murderers, I believe. I know that ghosts HAVE wandered on earth. Be with me always—take any form—drive me mad! only DO not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! it is unutterable! I CANNOT live without my life! I CANNOT live without my soul!(Heathcliffe, Ch. 16) Ill be very kind to him, you neednt fear...Only nobody else must be kind to him: Im jealous of monopolising his affection.(Heathcliffe, Ch. 20) Besides, hes MINE, and I want the triumph of seeing MY descendant fairly lord of their estates; my child hiring their children to till their fathers lands for wages. That is the sole consideration which can make me endure the whelp: I despise him for himself, and hate him for the memories he revives! But that consideration is sufficient: hes as safe with me, and shall be tended as carefully as your master tends his own.(Heathcliffe, Ch. 20) But theres this difference; one is gold put to the use of pavingstones, and the other is tin polished to ape a service of silver.(Heathcliffe, Ch. 21) He wanted all to lie in an ecstasy of peace; I wanted all to sparkle and dance in a glorious jubilee. I said his heaven would be only half alive; and he said mine would be drunk: I said I should fall asleep in his; and he said he could not breathe in mine, and began to grow very snappish.(Catherine, Ch. 24) Hell never let his friends be at ease, and hell never be at ease himself!(Catherine, Ch. 24) Catherines face was just like the landscape—shadows and sunshine flitting over it in rapid succession; but the shadows rested longer, and the sunshine was more transient.(Nelly, Ch. 27) Im glad, for I shall be master of the Grange after him. Catherine always spoke of it as her house. It isnt hers! Its mine: papa says everything she has is mine. All her nice books are mine; she offered to give me them, and pretty birds, and her pony Minny, if I would get the key of her room, and let her out; but I told her she had nothing to give, they were all, all mine.(Linton, Ch. 28) You have left me so long to struggle against death, alone, that I feel and see only death! I feel like death!(Catherine, Ch. 30) I have lost the faculty of enjoying their destruction, and I am too idle to destroy for nothing.(Heathcliffe, Ch. 33) Last night, I was on the threshold of hell. To-day, I am within sight of my heaven. I have my eyes on it: hardly three feet to sever me!(Heathcliffe, Ch. 34)

Essay about AP 2 Lab - 951 Words

Name: Kristen Jones Section: Lab Report 5: Lymphatic System – Lab Manual Pages 103-112 Relevant Websites to Help You with This Lab – Be sure to review these Websites before and during the completion of this Lab. †¢ Antigen/Antibody Test Results †¢ Human Anatomy Online : The Lymphatic System †¢ Immune Response Animation †¢ Lymph Node Animation Review Your Lab Summary: What were the most significant 2 or 3 concepts you learned while doing this Lab? Exercise 1: Microscopic Anatomy of Lymphatic Structures Questions: A. How are lymph, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes related? a. They are related because the lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs. It is made up mainly of lymph vessels,†¦show more content†¦Describe what you observed in section 3 of the dish. Questions: A. Explain what is meant by â€Å"memory† as a characteristic of the immune response. a. B. How does our immune response distinguish between our own cells and foreign invaders? a. This function is mediated by T cells and B cells (memory cells) in our body via adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is â€Å"remembered† by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific â€Å"non-self† antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by memory cells. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. So basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. Therefore, T cells will identify them and kill them. C. 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The Effect of Leadership Styles on The Business Performance

Question: a) Identify from research and academic theory, two of the paired topic areas from parts 3 of the module that apply an organisations effectiveness. Work groups and teams Management and Leadership Power and Politics Conflict and Negotiation b) Analyse and critically discuss the impact that your topic areas have on the culture of an organisation and the way in which employees are managed. Answer: Introduction Snap-on UK holdings limited is the organization selected for the purpose of this research assessment. The organization has been used to identify from research and literature three, 2 areas that influence this organization's effectiveness as per the opinion of De Wit et al. (2012). The two areas selected are, management and leadership Conflict and negotiation. The scope of this paper further lies in critically discussing the influence that the selected areas have on the selected organizations culture and the way in which employees are appropriately managed. Management and Leadership: Literature Review Definitions Even though leadership has been conceptualized from several perspectives as per Northouse (2010), the key to these conceptualizations lies in the following 2 features of leadership: It is a process that involves influence It occurs in groups, involves general goals, aims, and requires managing the workforce to lead them in the right direction (Eden et al. 2013). Based on these characteristics, leadership is a process wherein individuals influence individual groups by managing them to achieve a general goal. Leadership according to Kelloway and Barling (2010) is defined as a process that offers societal influence generally enacted through people in power based formal positions such as supervisors or managers. According to De Wit et al. 2012, leadership does not hold management tantamount to it even though both share general features. For example, both have their focus on influence, working with individuals and meet with the desired goals. The management function, however, is distinguished from that of leadership. Specifically, management focuses on making plans, budgets, organizing, recruiting staff and managing them as well as controlling and solving problems. As per Eisele et al. (2013) Leadership, on the other hand, involves the establishment of control and direction, alignment of individuals with the goals of an organization, motivating them and inspiring them to achieve the goals of the organization. Even after these distinct functions, often leaders are involved in tasks organizing and planning so as to get the tasks done and, in the same manner, managers often help in the achievement of group goals. Influence of leadership and management on organizational effectiveness: Case of Snap-on UK holdings limited According to De Wit et al. (2012) the theory of flexible leadership depicts the way in which top management and other leaders influence business organizations financial performance. Two essential financial performance determinants are efficiency, adaptation and human capital. Large range of behaviours in leadership, programs of management, structure forms and external initiatives can be used for influencing the determinants of performance. Eisele et al. (2013), believes that the theory of flexible leadership is conceptualized at the levels of organizations and includes four variable sets inclusive of effectiveness, determinants of performance, variables of a situation and decision and actions taken under leadership. Organization effectiveness, on the other hand, can be defined as the range until which it is possible to survive and perform missions as well as maintain favourable income, resources of finances and value of assets. Essential indicators for firms doing business are inclusive of the growth rate of profitable nature in the long term, investment return and return for stakeholders as mentioned by De Church et al. (2013). Effectiveness furthermore is dependent upon the 3 key determinants of performance inclusive of reliability in process and efficiency, capital in human resource form and the ability to adapt to the external environment. Such performance determinants are impacted through firm leader's decision an d action. As per the opinion of (Parris and Peachey 2013), the amount of profit this company makes depends upon the decisions of its leaders. The performance determinants are essential for this company and it is problematic to influence these determinants as they are subjected to external environment turbulence. Walstrom (2012) opines that leaders can improvise the organization performance through performance determinants influence. One way of influence used at Snap-on UK holdings limitedis using specific behaviors of leadership when interacting with subordinates and outsides. A second influence form involves decisions on programs of management and systems as well as structure of the organization. Eden et al. (2013) stated another form of influence evident at Snap-on UK holdings limited involves decisions taken about organizations competitive strategy. These forms of influence should be used collectively in a consistent manner for effective leadership to strategically foster. In several years of research over leaders and managers, various behavior types for leaders and managers have been recognized. Griffin (2011) has stated that a difficult barrier for researchers lies in organizing the various types of behaviors into hierarchical taxonomies that are implied with regard to behavioral influence. Task oriented behaviors are inclusive of planning in the short term and work activities scheduling, determine resources and staffing needs, assign tasks, clarify objectives and priorities, focus on efficiency and reliability, direct and coordinate activities, operations monitoring and deal with everyday operational issues. As per Eisele et al. (2013), Behaviors oriented on tasks are used for improving productivity and reducing costs through the removal of not required activities, effort duplication, managing wasted resources, errors, and risk. Kehinde (2011) mentioned that relationship oriented behaviors include to show support and positive respect, provide achiev ement recognition and contribution, provide training and to coach, consult with individuals on their decisions that will individually influence them, delegate and empower the managers, encourage collaboration and working in the team along with building an informational source network internally and externally. At Snap-on UK holdings limited, the main leadership behavior evident was the change oriented attitude. This was involved in making a maximum influence on the organization and enhancing its effectiveness. According to Macdonnell (2012), these behaviors are inclusive of monitoring environment to understand threats, opportunities, interpret events and explain why main change is required, articulate a vision to inspire, take risks for promoting change, build supporters coalition for the main change and determine the way in which new initiatives should be implemented. Jones and Brinkert (2007) stated that such leadership according is termed as transformational leadership as it offers inspiration based motivation and intellect stimulation showing that such behavior results in enhancing people and their performance when working in teams. Such behaviors oriented to change are particularly essential for top executives and management. Various recent researches have depicted that relationship b etween transformational CEO or charismatic leader with their company's relationship and effectiveness cannot be side-lined. According to , the behavior of a leader influences not just one determinant of performance but many at the same time when leaders know to manage along with lead. For example, at Snap-on UK holdings limited, consulting with team members for top executives is essential when formulating a new product based action plan. This, in turn, influences the commitment of the employees and makes then enhance their productivity at the individual level. This results in organizational effectiveness. Diagnostic tools for enhancing leadership to yield maximum organization effectiveness As stated by Griffin (2013), diagnostic tools are mediums to measure the improvement areas of leaders to enhance their effectiveness and the organizational effectiveness of the whole. An example of such a diagnostic tool is organizational effectiveness diagnostic which is a tool based on the survey. This is used for assessing with rigor and systematics, the relative strengths and weaknesses in every area specific to organization effectiveness. Israel (2012) opined,this tool is essential for organizations ability to enhance and implement its strategy and create influence. This tool has been implemented by Snap-on UK holdings limited in order to gain insight into five essential areas inclusive of leadership, making decisions and structure, individuals, work processes and systems as well as culture. Influence of leadership and management on organization culture According to Aziz et al. (2013), there are several ways by which leaders and managers can influence organization culture, especially through their actions and behaviors.Organization culture according to various researches is the shared beliefs, values or perceptions that employees hold in an organization. The culture of an organization reflects beliefs, behaviors norms and values that are utilized by employees of an organization to give implication to a situation they find themselves in. According to Jones and Brinkert (2007), this can influence the staff's attitude and behavior. Understanding the core values of organizations can lead towards preventing internal conflict possibility as well. Moore (2014) said that culture is learned in the society and can be transmitted among members by providing the rules for behaving within an organization. Organizational culture from this perspective is the belief that can guide staff to know what has to be done and what not inclusive of values an d assumptions on their task. As stated by Macdonnell (2012), oorganization based key values within leadership evolve into the style of leaderships. The subordinates working under these leaders are led through the values and leaders behaviors such that the behavior of the parties involves becomes in alignment to each other. When behavior depicts strong unification of values and beliefs, the organizational culture of the organization becomes equally strong. According to Meslec et al. (2015), leaders need to appreciate their operational activities to maintain the culture of an organization. This, in turn, helps in ensuring consistent attitude between organizational members, reduce conflicts and create a health work environment for all those involved within the organization. There are primary mechanisms according to several studies required for embedding culture which is inclusive of: Leaders paying attention to measuring and controlling Leaders reacting to essential situations Resource allocation criteria Modeling role, training, and coaching Observed way to allocate rewards and position Observed criteria to recruit, select, promote, retire and excommunicate If the starting point of a leader is culture then the major determinate lies in understanding whether the leader has managed to gain organizational effectiveness. Snap-on UK holdings limited focuses on evolving its leaders through an open communication culture. The company has set up technological advancement based systems and applications to make communication across the levels of organization simple. As mentioned by Israel (2012), this allows the company the benefit of effective leaders as they are able to coordinate and bring cooperation among the team members in the organization. As a leader, the Snap-on UK holdings limited top management brings forward various management programs that help the company to motivate employees and enhance their trust in the leaders. In turn, this leads towards a positive influence on the entire organization. This section has elaborated the significance of effective leadership in order to sustain a positive environment of culture and management. Such theories and diagnostic tools as addressed in this section depending upon the right behavior style are essential to attain organizational effectiveness and cultural effectiveness. Conflict and Negotiation: Literature Review, models, and applications Definition According to Jones and Brinkert (2007), conflict is a process that starts when a party perceives that other party is negatively influencing them or is about to negatively influence them. It is the point in a consistent activity when interaction crosses over to become a conflict between parties. It encompasses wide conflicting ranges that individuals experience within organizations such as goals incompatibility, the difference in facts interpretation and disagreement depending upon behaviour expectations. Moore (2014) stated several types of conflict are inclusive of task conflict (over content and working goal), relationship conflict (based on relationships of interpersonal nature) and process conflict (conflict on how work is getting done). According to Meslec et al. (2014), intergroup conflict involves functional and dysfunctional conflict. Functional conflict leads towards enhancing the performance of organizations. It happens when groups are in disagreement over the best way to reach goals rather than over the goal itself. This conflict generally results in selecting better alternative means. Positive functional conflict contributions are as follows: Playing an essential role in group stagnation prevention and preventing resistance over change Has the ability to lead towards enhanced problem awareness that requires being addressed Can result in broad and highly productive solutions search Can lead towards facilitating change, adaptation and innovating Wang et al. 2014 have mentioned about dysfunctional conflict, which is a conflict that hinders organizational goal achievement. Management then looks into eliminating this conflict. Functional conflict can also turn into this type of conflict. The consequences of dysfunctional conflict are highly negative inclusive of changes in the groups and changes between groups. As stated by Aziz et al. (2013), negotiation, on the other hand, is a method to manage conflict and is also known as the conflict negotiation process. Using resolution and techniques for stimulation can help in achieving desired conflict management. Negotiation can be defined as an exchange of goods and services between parties and attempts at agreeing over the exchange rate to bring an end to the conflict. It is a process wherein an attempt is made to reach agreements of acceptable nature in a circumstance that is characterized by disagreement based same level. According to Pedler et al. (2013) there are 4 elements characterizing negotiations inclusive of trying to solve a conflict present, interdependence level between the parties involved, the circumstance is conducive to the interaction opportunities and there exists some agreement possibility without which negotiation cannot bring over positive conflict negotiation. Adopting a win-win approach according to David et al. (2012), is the best approach to gain conflict resolution as it offers both the parties something different. Influence of conflict and negotiation on organization effectiveness: a case of Snap-on UK holdings limited According to Robins and Judge (2013), conflict is a dynamic process. In modernized organizations, conflict is helpful for enhancing the effectiveness of organizations. There are various stages involved in the process of conflict from starting to end inclusive of a conflict situation, situational awareness, realization, conflict manifestation, suppressing conflict to resolve it and conflict situation after effects. These are described in the following figure: Source: (Robins and Judge 2013, p. 370) In each of these stages, the organization effectiveness is influenced. The influence is at times positive and mostly negative. When negative, the influence results in hampering effectiveness in the following ways: Diverting energy from tasks Threatening well-being of psychological nature Wasting resources Creating a negative atmosphere Interfering with communication Breaking down cohesion of group Increasing hostile nature and aggressiveness Leading towards increasing politics that is efforts for acquiring power for advancing their individual efforts Leading groups towards stereotyping one another Snap-On UK Holdings Limited benefitted from one of the functional conflicts that took place in the company. The positive influences, in turn, led towards organizational effectiveness because: It led towards newer thoughts It further led towards stimulating innovation and creativity The conflict motivated to change and took into consideration different approaches and ideas Promoting organizations strength through enhancing vitality The conflict helped individuals and teams to establish particular identities Increased loyalty and performance were evident in each group The conflict served as a safety aid as it led towards creating a positive environment where individuals and leaders are committed towards the company they work for rather than their individual self. According to Pondy (2006), it can be said that leaders played an efficient role and a significant role when dealing with the conflict as already stated, functional conflict can lead towards non-functional conflict that could hamper effectiveness gravely. In order to deal with the negotiation process effectively, the leaders as top managers of the company chose to adopt diagnostic tools that can help ease out the negotiation process and enhance the effectiveness of an organization. The tools were inclusive of Belbin inventory and Big 5 model. Belbin Team inventory modelwas used for the following benefits: According to Rahim (2002), providing a general, non-threatening and positive atmosphere where individuals are allowed to communicate with each other and work collaboratively with enhanced knowledge. Such knowledge can be utilized for bringing new teams together or for making current teams motivated as well as effective. The use of this tool furthermore helped in providing a base from which Snap UK Holding Limited could follow a consistent approach to building an effective team based on systems of management. However this model does not often work as literature illustrates this model to have several limitations: In cases where conflict is not involved between teams but conflict involves employees and top management, this model will not work for Snap-On UK Holdings Limited as this model is limitedly designed for teams only The model can be utilized for predicting the performance of a group when used within settings at work but at times, businesses face conflict within social settings as well Personality is not measured through this model, rather focus is over personality Conflict and negotiation influence over Organizational culture According to Robbins et al. (2013), different cultures have different perspectives on conflict and its management. An old man may negotiate in a different way than a young entrepreneur. Such differences are present in organizations ever since the advent of globalizations. Negotiation as well is influenced by cultural differences such as desiring for long-term relationship rather than a one-time relationship, preferring to win, having informal or formal attitude, communicational style differences (either direct or indirect), some cultures foster showing emotions while others prefer hiding it and in some cultures decisions are made through groups while in others it is through leaders. Conclusion At Snap-On UK Holdings Limited, the cultural effectiveness of the firm lies in the leadership capabilities that solve conflict using open communication style. As per Robbins et al. (2013), the company undertook research on different culture based negotiation styles so as to deal with conflict in alignment with the cultural differences present. In order to gain positive influence on its culture, the company uses cultural approaches to negotiation when in a conflict in order to in turn positively influence its effectiveness. Some of these approaches are: Time orientation: According to Riemann (2010), there are 2 distinct orientations to time existing across the world inclusive of monochromic and polychromic. Approaches that are monochromic have time in linearity and require a focus on only one thing at a time. Such approaches are common in cultures influenced by European region evident in U.S, Germany, Switzerland and Scandinavia. Negotiators from polychromic cultures such as those at Snap-On UK Holdings Limited, have a tendency to start and end meetings in flexible timing, take appropriate breaks, have comfort with free flow of information, expect to read and listening to others minds, overlapping talk at times and taking punctuality of time personally. Sustaining power distance: Negotiations are essential but they should not fail to consider power distance sustainability between them. Wang et al. (2014) utilized the power distance idea for describing the deference degree and unequal power acceptance among people. According to Tafel -Vija et al. (2009), cultures wherein there is comfort with higher power distance are those wherein some people are regarded more than the others due to status in the society, their gender, education, their personal rewards and related factors. Snap-On UK Holdings Limited is a company with low power distance with a tendency to assume equality between people. Such a culture helps Snap-On UK Holdings Limited from the perspective that when in conflict, all parties know that they are at an equal level without any partiality. Aziz et al. (2013) opined this confidence of the employees leads towards the positive effectiveness of the organization and a strong organizational culture. References: Aziz, R.A., Abdullah, M.H., Tajudin, A. and Mahmood, R., 2013. 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